Article

# Eriya - Ennamba Ennya

Obuddu

Author

Jeff Pippenger

Published

October 1, 2023

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Obujulirwa bwa Eriya butandika bw’ategeeza nti tewalibeera mvula, wabula ku kigambo kye, okumala emyaka esatu n’ekitundu.

> Eriya Omuttisubi, eyali omu ku batuuze ba Gireyaadi, n’agamba Akabu nti, Nga Mukama Katonda wa Isirayiri bw’ali omulamu, gwe mbeerera mu maaso ge, tewaliba omusulo newankubadde enkuba mu myaka gino okutuusa lwe njogera. 1 Bassekabaka 17:1.

Emyaka esatu n’ekitundu egyo giyimirira ebyafaayo bya Tayatira okuva mu 538 okutuuka mu 1798. Mu 1798, ku nkomerero y’ekiseera eky’ekyeya, Eriya yayita Akabu okujja ku Musozi Kalumeeri. Obubaka bwa malayika ow’olubereberye bwategeeza essaawa y’omusango gwa Katonda nga 22 Okitobba 1844. Obubaka bwa malayika ow’olubereberye bwali ekiragiro eri Akabu okuyita Isirayiri yonna okujja ku Musozi Kalumeeri.

> Awo bwe kyatuuka, Akabu bwe yalaba Eriya, Akabu n’amugamba nti, Ggwe oli ataataaganya Isirayiri? Naye Eriya n’amuddamu nti, Si nze ataataaganya Isirayiri; naye ggwe n’ennyumba ya kitaawo, kubanga mwaleka ebiragiro bya Mukama, era ggwe ogoberedde Baali. Kale kaakano otume, okuŋŋaanye eri nze Isirayiri yenna ku Lusozi Karameli, n’abannabbi ba Baali ebikumi bina mu ataano, n’abannabbi ba Asera ebikumi bina, abalya ku mmeeza ya Yezeberi. Awo Akabu n’atuma eri abaana bonna ba Isirayiri, n’akuŋŋaanya bannabbi ku Lusozi Karameli. Awo Eriya n’ajja eri abantu bonna, n’agamba nti, Munaanyeganyega okutuusa ddi wakati w’ebirowoozo bibiri? Mukama bw’aba Katonda, mumugoberere; naye Baali bwe y’aba, mumugoberere. Abantu ne batamuddamu na kigambo. 1 Bassekabaka 18:17-21.

Isirayiri yenna yakungaanira ku Akasozi Karameli mu biseera bya Eriya, ekyo ne kiyimirira ebyafaayo bya William Miller mu kiseera amakkanisa asatu ag’omu Kitabo ky’Okubikkulirwa essuula esatu lwe gaakungaana wamu. Ekkanisa eyasooka okudduka n’eyiingira mu ddungu mu mwaka gwa 538 okwewala okutulugunyizibwa kwa Yezebeli, nga kiyimiririrwa ekkanisa eya Tiyatira, yava mu ddungu ng’omulembe ogwabadde gugenda okusisinkana obubaka bwa Eriya obuyimiririddwa William Miller. Awo ensolo eva mu nsi n’eggulawo akamwa kaayo n’ekumira ddala omugga gw’okutulugunyizibwa ogwabadde gusindikiddwa ku yo okumala emyaka 1260.

> N’ensi n’eyamba omukazi, n’ensi n’eyasamya akamwa kaayo, n’eyamira omugga ogwo omusota gwe yasuula okuva mu kamwa ke. Okubikkulirwa 12:16.

Mu buunnabbi, “okwogera kw’eggwanga” kubeera ekikolwa ky’obuyinza bwalyo obw’ebyamateeka n’obw’obulamuzi, era mu 1789 United States yateekawo ekiwandiiko ekitukuvu, kye Ssemateeka gwa United States, ne kikuuma obuyinza n’eddembe ebisobozesa okuwa obukuumi okuva mu obubonyaabonyezebwa obuva mu bassekabaka ba Yuloppo n’Ekkanisa ya Katolika eyava mu mazima.

> "Okwogera kw'eggwanga kwe kukola kw'obuyinza bwagwo obuteekateeka amateeka n'obw'obulamuzi." Empaka Enkulu, 443.

Mu 1789, nga wakyali akaseera katono nga okutandika kwa omudimu gw’Amerika ogw’obunnabbi ng’obwakabaka obw’omukaaga mu bunnabbi bwa Bayibuli kwali kugenda kutandika, yayogera ng’Omwana gw’Endiga; naye mu kiseera ky’etteeka lya Sande ejja kwogera ng’Omusota.

> Ate ne ndaba ekisolo ekirala nga kivudde mu nsi; nga kirina empondo bbiri ng’ennyana, ne kyogera ng’omusota. Okubikkulirwa 13:11.

Entandikwa n’enkomerero z’ekisolo ekiva mu nsi ziragibwa mu kwogera kwakyo. Mu 1798, Akabu ayita Isirayiri yonna ku Lusozi Kalumeeri, Eriya gy’agenda okuteekaawo ekigezo okulaga eri abo abaliwo nga balaba oba Katonda w’Abeeraniya oba katonda wa Yezabele ye Katonda omutuufu. Yezabele yalina bannabbi ba Baali ebikumi bina n’ebutaano era n’abannabbi b’ekibira ebikumi bina. Katonda ow’obulimba Baali yali akatonda omusajja, ate katonda ow’obulimba Ashtaroth yali akatonda omukazi.

Ebika ebyo bibiri by’abannabbi ab’obulimba biraga okwegatta kw’ekkanisa n’eggavumenti, kubanga mu bunabbi bwe balaga omusajja n’omukazi nga bali wamu, omukazi ayimirira ekkanisa ate omusajja ayimirira eggavumenti. Elijah yali yekka nga be yali asisinkanye baali bikumi munaana mu makumi ataano, bwe yayimirira mu maaso g’okwegatta okutali kutukuvu kw’ekkanisa n’eggavumenti, nga kulagiddwa mu bakatonda ab’obulimba ab’obuwala n’ab’obusajja era ne mu bufumbo bwa Ahab ne Jezebel. Okulabirako kwa Ahab ne Jezebel okulaga ekkanisa n’eggavumenti kulaga okwononebwa kw’enyanga ya Republicanism, ate ne Baal ne Ashtaroth balaga okwononebwa kw’enyanga ya Protestant.

Ensonga yali okwekalakaasa kwa Eriya okulwanyisa eddiini eyonoonese eyakiimirirwa ekkanisa eya Tiyatira mu Kitabo ky’Okubikkulirwa essuula ey’okubiri. Eriya yakiimirira Omuprotestanti, kubanga Omuprotestanti ye muntu eyeekalakaasa ng’awakanya Roma. Okwekalakaasa kwa Eriya kuwakanya okuyungibwa kw’ekkanisa ne gavumenti okuleetebwa omukago ogutali mutukuvu wakati wa gavumenti eyonoonese n’ekkanisa eyonoonese.

> Naye kyennina ku ggwe ebimu, kubanga okkiriza oyo omukazi Yezeberi, eyeeyita nnabbi omukazi, okuyigiriza n’okukyamiza abaddu bange okukola obwenzi, n’okulya ebiweereddwayo eri ebifaananyi. Era nammuwa ebbanga alyoke yeenenye obwenzi bwe; naye teyeenenya. Laba, ndimusuula ku kitanda, n’abo abakola obwenzi naye ndibasuula mu kubonaabona okunene, wabula bwe beenenya ebikolwa byabwe. Okubikkulirwa 2:20-22.

Okulya kikiikirira obubaka bw’okkiriza, era obubaka obuweebwayo eri ebifaananyi bukiikirira enjigiriza z’Obukatoliki, akabonero ddala ak’okusinza ebifaananyi okwenyinyalwa. Abantu ba Katonda mu mulembe ogw’ekizikiza baali bazze okukkiriza enjigiriza nnyingi ez’obupagani ez’Obukatoliki, era okusingira ddala okusinza enjuba.

Obwenzi kye enkolagana etali mu mateeka, era mu ngeri y’obunnabbi bulaga omusingi ennyini gw’ebyo Ssemateeka by’egaanira: okussa wamu ekkanisa n’obufuzi. Akaabu yali mu nkolagana etali mu mateeka ne Yezabele, kubanga nga kabaka wa Isirayiri teyalina kuwasa omumbejja ompagani. Yesu yategeeza nti Yokaana Omubatiza ye Eriya, era Yokaana naye yayimirira ng’awakanya enkwatagana eyo etatukuvu, bwe yananenya Kerode olw’okuwasa Kerodiya, mukazi wa muganda we.

> Kubanga Kerode yali akutte Yokaana, n'amusiba, n'amuteeka mu kkomera ku lwa Kerodiya, omukyala wa muganda we Firipo. Kubanga Yokaana yali amugamba nti, Si tteeka ggwe okumufumbirako. Matayo 14:3, 4.

Okwolekagana kwa Eriya ne Akabu ne Yezebeli kwalabiriza okwolekagana kwa Yokaana ne Kerode ne Kerodiya, kubanga obwegatta byombi byakiikirira omukago ogutali mu mateeka wakati w’ekkanisa ne gavumenti. Wamu, bino bikiikirira obubaka bwa Eriya obw’abantu 144,000 abalumba obukulembeze bwa Papa (Yezebeli ne Kerodiya), bakabaka kkumi abakiikirira Amawanga Amagatte (Akabu ne Kerode), ne United States eriyimirira nnabbi w’obulimba (abannabbi b’obulimba ab’e Carmel n’a Salome, muwala wa Kerodiya).

Mu mbeera ey’obunnabbi ku Kalemeri mulimu Eriya ng’alwanirira Ssemateeka gw’Amerika, oguteeka mu mateeka ensimbu ey’okutandukanya ekkanisa ne gavumenti.

> Awo ne kiba nti, Akabu bwe yalaba Eriya, Akabu n’amugamba nti, Ggwe gwe atabula Isirayiri? Naye n’amuddamu nti, Si nze nnatabula Isirayiri; naye ggwe n’ennyumba ya kitaawo, kubanga mwaleka ebiragiro bya Mukama, era ggwe ogoberedde Bbaali. 1 Bassekabaka 18:17, 18.

Ssemateeka yateekawo nti ennyanga ebbiri ez’obufuzi bwa Ripabuliika n’Obupulotesitanti bulijjo zijja kusigala nga buli emu yawukana ku ndala. Naye Okubikkulirwa kiraga nti Amerika eriyogera ng’omusota mu nkomerero; era ekyo kiribaawo nga amakkanisa agajeemu aga Amerika gafunye obuyinza ne gakkwatagana ne gavumenti ejeemu.

> Naye “ekifaananyi eri ensolo” kye ki? Era kinaakolebwawo kitya? Ekifaananyi kikolebwa ensolo erina enkoona ebbiri, era kiba ekifaananyi eri ensolo. Kiyitibwanso ekifaananyi ky’ensolo. Bwe kityo, okutegeera ekifaananyi bwe kiri n’engeri gye kinaakolebwamu tusaanidde okwekenneenya obutonde bw’ensolo yennyini—obufuzi bwa Papa.

> Ekkanisa ey’ensooka bwe yonooneka, ng’evudde ku bwangu bw’Enjiri era nga yakiriza emikolo n’empisa z’abapagani, yafiirwa Omwoyo n’amaanyi ga Katonda; era, olw’okwagala okulamulira emitima gy’abantu, yanoonya obuwagizi bw’obuyinza bwa gavumenti. Ebyavaamu byali Obwa Papa, ekkanisa eyafuga obuyinza bwa gavumenti ne ebukozesa okutuukiriza ebigendererwa byayo, okusingira ddala mu kubonereza 'obuyigirize obuzikyamu.' Okusobola okuteekawo ekifaananyi ky’ekisolo mu United States, obuyinza bw’eddiini bulina okufuga gavumenti ey’obwannansi mu ngeri nti obuyinza bw’eggwanga nabwo bukozesebwe ekkanisa okutuukiriza ebigendererwa byayo. The Great Controversy, 443.

Eriya ku Lusozi Karameli yali akiikirira omulimu gw’Abagoberezi ba Miller, era Abagoberezi ba Miller baateekebwawo ng’omunabbi omutuufu, okwewaŋŋanganya n’abo abaali baakava wansi w’okukosebwa kwa Katolika naye ne balonda, olw’okugaana omusana gw’om Malaika asooka, okuddayo e Roma. Noolwekyo, obubaka bw’om Malaika ow’okubiri mu ntandikwa y’omwaka gwa 1844 bwalimu okutegeera nti ebika by’eddiini eby’Obupurotesitanti byali bawala ba Babulooni, ate Abagoberezi ba Miller be maanyi g’Obupurotesitanti ag’amazima.

Bwe Katonda yaggya Isirayiri ey’edda okuva mu buwaŋwa bwa Misiri era n’abayisa mu mazzi g’Ennyanja Emyufu, yatandikawo enteekateeka y’okugezesa eyeyongera mu maaso eyatandika n’ekigezo ky’omanna ow’eggulu.

> Omusana ogw’emyaka egyayita ogw’okuŋaaniddwa gwaka ku ffe. Ebyawandiikiddwa eby’okwerabira kwa Isirayiri byakuumiddwa ku lwa okutulambululira. Mu mulembe guno Katonda atadde omukono gwe okweŋŋaanyiza eri ye abantu okuva mu buli ggwanga, ekika, n’ennimi zonna. Mu nkungaana ey’Okudda kwa Kristo akoledde ku lwa obusika bwe, nga bwe yakolera Abaisirayiri ng’abakulembera okuva e Misiri. Mu kuddirwamu essuubi okukulu kwa 1844 okukkiriza kw’abantu be kwagezesebwa nga bwe kwagezesebwa kw’Abebbulayimu ku Nnyanja Emyufu. Obujulizi, Voliyumu 8, 115, 116.

Okusuulibwaamu essuubi okw’ennaku ya 22 October, 1844, kwaleeta okutegeera ekifo ekitukuvu eky’omu ggulu; okutegeera kuno ne kuwanjula okukemebwa kw’Olunaku lw’Omuwummulo, nga bwe okukemebwa kw’emmanna kwafuuka ekisooka mu lunyiriri lw’ebigezo kkumi eri Isirayiri ey’edda.

> Mukama yampa ekyolesebwa ekiddako mu mwaka gwa 1847, nga ab’oluganda baali bakuŋaanye wamu ku Ssabadde, e Topsham, mu Maine.

> Twawulira omwoyo ogw’ensaba ogutali gwa bulijjo. Era nga tusaba, Omwoyo Omutukuvu n’akka ku ffe. Twali tusanyuse nnyo. Mu bbanga ttono ebintu eby’ensi ne biva mu bwongo bwange, ne neebikka mu kwolesebwa kw’ekitiibwa kya Katonda. Ne ndaba malayika ng’ambuuka gyendi amangu. N’antwala mangu okuva ku nsi okutuuka mu Kibuga Ekitukuvu. Mu kibuga ne ndaba yeekaalu, ne ngiyingiramu. Ne nnyita mu mulyango nga sinnatuuka ku lugoye olugabanya olusooka. Olugoye olwo ne luyimusibwa, ne nayingira mu kifo ekitukuvu. Wano ne ndaba ekyoto ky’evumba, ekikondo ky’ettabaaza nga kirimu amataala musanvu, n’emmeza eyaliko emigaati egy’okulaga. Nga maze okulaba ekitiibwa ky’ekifo ekitukuvu, Yesu n’ayimusa olugoye olugabanya olw’okubiri, ne nayingira mu kifo ekitukuvu ennyo.

> Mu Kifo Ekitukuvu Ennyo nnalaba essanduuko; waggulu n’omu mabbali gaayo kwaliko zaabu omulongoofu ennyo. Ku nkomerero buli ku y’ensanduuko kwaliko kerubi mulungi, nga ebiwaawaatiro bye byasaasaanye waggulu ku yo. Obwenyi bwabwe bwali butunulagana, era baali batunula wansi. Wakati w’abamalayika waaliwo ekyoterezo kya zaabu. Waggulu w’essanduuko, we abamalayika bayimirira, waaliwo ekitiibwa ekimala okwaka nnyo, nga kirabika ng’entebe gye Katonda abeera. Yesu yayimirira okumpi n’essanduuko, era bwe zaali zituuka gy’ali ensaba z’abatukuvu, obubaane mu kyoterezo ne bwooka ne bufuuka omukka, era n’awangayo okusaba kwabwe n’omukka gw’obubaane eri Kitaawe. Mu ssanduuko mwalimu ensuwa ya zaabu eyalimu mana, omuggo gwa Alooni ogwameemeeta, n’ebyapa eby’amayinja ebyagalagana wamu ng’ekitabo. Yesu n’abiggulawo, ne ndaba Ebiragiro Ekkumi nga biwandiikiddwa ku byo n’omu munwe gwa Katonda. Ku kyapa kimu kwaliko bina, ate ku kya kinnaakyo kwaliko mukaaga. Ena eziri ku kyapa ekyasooka zaakyaka okusinga endala mukaaga. Naye eya kkuna, ekiragiro kya Ssabbiiti, yaka okusinga zonna; kubanga Ssabbiiti yateekebwawo okukuumibwanga mu kitiibwa ky’erinnya ettukuvu lya Katonda. Olunaku lwa Ssabbiiti olutukuvu lwalabika nga lujjudde ekitiibwa—ekitangaala eky’ekitiibwa kyali kimwetoolodde wonna. Nnalaba nti ekiragiro kya Ssabbiiti tekyakomerwa ku musaalaba. Singa kyali, ne birala mwenda byandibadde bityo; era twandibadde tulina eddembe okubimenya byonna, nga bwe twandimenya n’erya kkuna. Nnalaba nti Katonda teyakyusa Ssabbiiti, kubanga ye teakyuka. Naye Papa yakikyusa okuva ku lunaku olw’omusanvu n’akitwala ku lunaku olusooka olw’wiiki; kubanga yali agenda okukyusa ebiseera n’amateeka. Ebiwandiiko Ebyasooka, 32.

Abaprotesitanti bwe baava mu Biseera eby’Ekizikiza mu 1798 era Ekitabo kya Danyeri bwe kyaggulwawo, obwakabaka obw’omukaaga mu bubaka bw’obunnabbi bwa Bayibuli, ekisolo ekyava mu nsi ekirina empondo ebbiri ekyogerwako mu Okubikkulirwa ekkumi n’asatu, kyatandika okutambula mu byafaayo eby’obunnabbi. Obuprotesitanti bwasimbibwa ku kiwandiiko ekitukuvu ekiyitibwa Bayibuli Entukuvu, ate Oburepublika bwasimbibwa ku kiwandiiko ekitukuvu ekiyitibwa Konsititusoni. Katonda yali aggyemu ekkanisa ye eyali mu ddungu okuva mu Biseera eby’Ekizikiza, naye nga bwe kyali ku Isirayiri ey’edda mu kiseera ky’obuddu e Misiri, ekiragiro kya Ssabbiiti kyali kyerabiddwa. Nga Isirayiri bwe yambuka Ennyanja Emyufu ng’ey’olekedde okuweebwa kw’amateeka ku Sinaayi, Isirayiri ya leero yayita ku Nnyanja y’Atlantiika ng’ey’olekedde nga 22 Okitobba 1844, gye mateeka gye gyaddamu okubikkulirwa. Mukama yaddamu okuzukusa abantu ab’anaabeera abakuumizi b’amateeka ge, abakuumizi b’obubikkulirwa bwe obw’obunnabbi era ab’anaasitulanga ekyambalo ky’Obuprotesitanti. Isirayiri ey’edda yaweebwa ebipeesa bibiri by’Ebiragiro Ekkumi ng’akabonero k’omulimu gwabwe ogw’okubeera abakuumizi b’amateeka ge, ate Isirayiri ya leero yaweebwa ebipeesa bibiri bya Habakkuku ng’akabonero k’omulimu gwabwe ng’abakuumizi b’Ekigambo kye eky’obunnabbi.

Isirayiri ey’omulembe guno yalina okutambula ng’etikka emibao ebiri emirundi ebiri nga eyanjulira ensi obubaka bwa malayika ow’okusatu, obwo bwe bubaka obw’abuulirwa abo abatikkira ekkanzu y’Obupurotesitanti. Obupurotesitanti obwavayo mu biseera eby’ekizikiza bwali butannatuukirira, nga bwe kyali ku Isirayiri ey’edda nga bayita mu Nnyanja Emyufu. Obupurotesitanti bwalangirira omulamwa nti “Baibuli, era Baibuli yokka,” naye bwalina okutegeera okutannatuukirira ku Kigambo kya Katonda olw’emyaaka mingi egy’okulya enjigiriza ez’eby’obupagani ez’Obukatoliki bw’Abarooma (ebyaweereddwa eri ebifaananyi). Katonda yateekateeka nti Purotesitanti omutuufu anakikiikirira Ekigambo kya Katonda kyonna, nga kibonerezebwa mu “amateeka ne bannabbi” — emibao ebiri emirundi ebiri, egiraga byombi omulimu gw’abantu ba Katonda n’ekikula kya Katonda. Omulimu gw’omulayika asooka gwali okuleeta abantu ba Purotesitanti ab’amazima ab’anaabanga abaterekera amateeka ge n’Ekigambo kye eky’obunnabbi.

> Katonda ayise Ekkanisa ye mu nnaku zino, nga bwe yayita Isirayiri ey’edda, okuyimirira ng’ekitangaala mu nsi. Ng’akozesezza ekisala eky’amaanyi eky’amazima—obubaka bw’omumalayika w’olubereberye, ow’okubiri n’ow’okusatu—abayawudde okuva mu makanisa ne mu nsi, okubaleetera okusemberera awatukuvu gy’ali. Abafuuse abakuumi b’amateeka ge era abateekako obuvunaanyizibwa bw’amazima amanene g’obunnabbi ag’ekiseera kino. Ng’ebyawandiikibwa ebitukuvu ebiweebwa Isirayiri ey’edda, bino bye buvunaanyizibwa obutukuvu obyetaaga okutegeezebwa eri ensi. Abamalayika abasatu ab’Okubikkulirwa 14 bayimiririra abantu abakkiriza omusana gw’obubaka bwa Katonda era ne bagenda ng’ababaka be okulangirira okulabula mu bwanvu ne mu bugazi bw’ensi. Obujulirwa, Voliyumu 5, 455.

Okulabula okuli okubuulibwa abo abamanyiddwa ng’abakuumi b’emitundu ebiri egy’amapande abiri kwe kugaanira okufuna akabonero k’Obukatoliki. Okwekalakaasa okwo kulwanyisa enkolagana etali ya mateeka eya Akabu ne Yezeberi, era kyakiikirirwa Eriya ku Lusozi Kalumeeri. Okuweebwa kw’amapande g’amayinja abiri ku Lusozi Sinaayi kyafaananyiza okuweebwa kw’amapande ga Habakkuku ag’engoye abiri mu byafaayo bya 1842 okutuuka ku 1849. Amapande abiri ga Habakkuku ge kabonero k’enkolagana ey’endagaano wakati wa Katonda n’abantu be Abaprotestanti. Okugaana amapande ago kyenkana n’engeri Isirayiri ey’edda gye yagaana amateeka ga Katonda.

Abamilleraiti baayingira mu Kifo Ekitukuvu Ennyo ne baafuna ekitangaala kya Ssabbaata, naye omutendera gw’okukemebwa gwali tennaba kuwedde. Mu kiseera kye kimu ppembe ya Repablikanizimu yali etambulira mu byafaayo bimu byennyini. Era ppembe zombi zaagenda okutuuka ku mutendera omukulu mu kutambula kwazo awamu mu 1863.

Obubaka bwa Eriya obwa Miller bwaleeta enteekateeka ey’okutukuza eyeyongera mu mitendera, ng’ekigendererwa kyaayo kwe okuteekawo ennyanga ey’ObuProtesitanti; era mu byafaayo bye bimu, ennyanga ey’ObuRepulikaani nayo yali mu nteekateeka ey’okukulaakulanya eby’obufuzi eyeyongera mu mitendera. Ennyanga zombi ziri ku nsolo emu eva mu nsi; noolwekyo zirina okutambula awamu mu byafaayo by’ensolo eno byonna.

Akabonero akasooka ak’obunnabbi k’olusimba olw’obutegetsi bwa repubulika olw’ekisolo ekiva mu nsi kyali ekikolwa eky’okwogerera Ssemateeka mu nkola mu 1789. Mu 1798 (ekiseera ky’enkomerero lwe Ekitabo kya Danyeri kyasumululibwa), ekisolo ekiva mu nsi kyandiyogera okusooka ng’obwakabaka obw’omukaaga mu bunnabbi bwa Bayibuli. Mu 1798 kwe kwatandikira Obumwe bwa Amerika okuba obwakabaka obw’omukaaga mu bunnabbi bwa Bayibuli, era okwogera okwabaddewo ku ntandikwa y’ebyafaayo by’ekisolo ekiva mu nsi mu 1798 kwandifaananyiriza okwogera okw’enkomerero kwe gunaayogera obwakabaka obw’omukaaga, era ekiseera ekyo kikirirwa ng’eddoboozi ly’eddogo. Bwe twetegereza amateeka agayisibwa olusimba olw’obutegetsi bwa repubulika mu Obumwe bwa Amerika mu 1798, tusaanidde okusuubira okulaba okufaananyirizibwa kw’amateeka agaligenda okuyisibwa wamu n’etteeka lya Ssande Obumwe bwa Amerika bwe gunaayogera ng’eddogo. Bwe tutunuulira amateeka ana agagoberera, weebuuze oba amateeka ana agayisibwa mu 1798 galina omukono gw’obunnabbi ogwa Alufa ne Omega?

Mu 1798, Amasaza Amagatte g’Amerika gayisa amateeka ag’enkizo agamu agayitibwa “Alien and Sedition Acts.” Amateeka gano gaali omugatte gw’amateeka ana agayisibwa mu Kongireesi eyali eddukanyizibwa ba Federalist, era Pulezidenti John Adams, Pulezidenti wa Amasaza Amagatte g’Amerika ow’okubiri era eyali omumyuka wa George Washington, n’azisinnyako n’azifuula amateeka.

Eteeka ery’Okufuula Omuntu Omunnansi: Eteeka lino lyayongera ebbanga ery’okubeera mu ggwanga eryetaagibwa eri abava ebweru okusobola okufuuka bannansi ba Amerika, okuva ku myaka 5 okutuuka ku 14. Lyaali ligendereddwamu okusooka ddala okukendeeza ku buyinza bw’okukosa ebyobufuzi obw’abava ebweru abaasembayo, abangi ku bo nga babadde beegatta n’ekibiina ky’ebyobufuzi ekyewakanya, Democratic-Republicans.

Eteeka eriyitibwa Alien Friends Act: Eteeka lino lyawa pulezidenti obuyinza okugobera ebweru w’eggwanga abatali bannansi abalowoozebwa nti baleetera obulabe ku by’okwerinda bya Amerika mu biseera eby’emirembe. Era lyamukkiriza okukwata n’okugobera ebweru w’eggwanga omuntu yenna atali munansi wa Amerika gw’alowooza nti aleeta obulabe.

Eteeka ly'Abagwira Abalabe: Eteeka lino lyateekawo enkola ey'okukwata, okuggalira, n'okusindika ebweru bw'eggwanga bannansi b'amawanga agali mu lutalo ne United States. Kyafuulibwa etteeka ng'eky'okwerinda mu mbeera ey'obunyiike mu nkomerero y'emyaka gya 1790.

Eteeka ly’okujeemera: Lino kye kyasinga okugyamu empaka mu Mateeka g’Abagwira n’Ag’okujeemera. Lyateekawo nti kiba musango omunene okuwandiika oba okusaasaanya ebiwandiiko “eby’obulimba, eby’okuswaza, n’eby’avudde mu buggiya” ebirwanyisa gavumenti oba abakozi baayo, nga kigendererwa okubaswaza oba okubaleetera okufiirwa ekitiibwa. Abanenya baalaba kino ng’okulumba okw’otereevu ku ddembe ly’okwogera n’eby’amawulire.

Amateeka ga Alien ne Sedition gaatimbulamu obutakkaanya bungi ennyo era ne galeeta obuwakanyi obunene okuva eri Democratic-Republicans, abaakkiriza nti amateeka gano gaamenya eddembe erisinga obukulu eriteekeddwamu mu Ssemateeka era ne gatuukirira ku kibiina kyabwe ky’ebyobufuzi. Baalumiriza nti amateeka ago gaali gasobyera ku Okukyusibwa okwasooka mu Ssemateeka, okukuuma eddembe ly’okwogera n’eby’amawulire. Oluvannyuma, amateeka gano gaalina omugabo mu kulonda kwa 1800, bwe Thomas Jefferson ne Democratic-Republicans bwe bawangula obwapulezidenti ne Congress, era ne biviirako okusazaamu kwa Sedition Act.

Ekibiina kya Democratic-Republican baalowooza nti amateeka gano gaamenya eddembe erisinga obukulu erikuumibwa Ssemateeka, era baalowooza nti amateeka ago gaali gaserekera ku kibiina ky’ebyobufuzi ekibawakanya. Siky’ekikulu nti amateeka gano gaasazibwamu oba ne gaggwaawo oluvannyuma, Alpha ne Omega biraga enkomerero mu ntandikwa. Mu byafaayo, bwe baateeka amateeka gano mu mateeka oba bwe baagayoogera ne gifuka amateeka, ekibiina kya Federalist kyali kiwakanyizibwa ekibiina ekyayitibwa Democrat-Republicans. Enkulaakulana y’ekibiina kya Democrat-Republican mu nkomerero yaavaamu ekibiina kya Republican. Ekibiina ky’ebyobufuzi ekyasinga okuyunga abantu wamu ku musingi gw’okulwanyisa obuddu.

Bannabyafaayo balaga omwaka gwa 1863 nga ddala omutima gw’Olutalo lw’Awaka, olutalo olwaasingamirizibwa ku nsonga y’obuddu. Omwaka ogwo era gwali akabonero akalaga ekkubo eri abakwata bendera abapya mu bu-Protestanti, aba oluvannyuma ne bagaana obunnabbi bw’ebbanga obwasooka obwaweerezebwa Miller abamalayika (obunnabbi bwa “emirundi omusanvu” okuva mu Levitiko amakumi abiri mu mukaaga). Kiyinza okuba nga kyekayiika kyokka nti obunnabbi bw’emirundi omusanvu bwasigamizibwa ku mateeka g’obuddu ag’ateekebwawo mu mutwe ogubaddewo (omutwe 25) ogwa Levitiko? “Okukolimibwa” okulambuluddwamu mu “emirundi omusanvu” kwali okusuubiza nti singa amateeka g’endagaano ag’omutwe ogw’amakumi abiri mu mutaano gaalemwa okugonderwa, Isiraeri eyandikomyezzaawo ebyafaayo byayo nga eddayo mu buddu mwe yaggyibwamu bwe yatandika olugendo lwaayo ku Nnyanja Emyufu.

Okuva mu 1798 okutuuka mu 1863, ekibiina ky’ebyobufuzi ekyali Democratic-Republican Party kyayitamu emirundi emirundi egy’okusunsulamu oba okukankana. Okuva mu 1798 okugenda mu maaso, era okusingira ddala okuva nga 11 August 1840 okutuuka mu 1863, ekibiina kya Millerite kyayitamu emirundi emirundi egy’okusunsulamu n’okukankana.

Ekibiina ky’ebyobufuzi ekya Democratic-Republican, ekyali kimu ku bibina ebyasooka mu United States, tekyakyuka butereevu kufuuka Ekibiina kya Republican eky’omulembe guno nga bwe kiri leero. Wabula, kyayitamu okukyuka kungi n’okwawukana mu bbanga, ne kireetera okuteekebwawo ebibina by’ebyobufuzi ebitali bimu nga tekinnavaayo Ekibiina kya Republican.

Ekibiina ky’ebyobufuzi ekya Democratic-Republican, ekikwataganibwa emirundi mingi ne Thomas Jefferson ne James Madison, kyatandikibwa mu nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’ekkumi n’omunaana ng’okuddamu eri Ekibiina kya Federalist. Ab’eKibiina kya Democratic-Republican baawagira okutaputa Ssemateeka mu ngeri enkakanyavu, obuyinza bw’amasaza g’eggwanga, n’eby’ensonga z’obulimi.

Wabula, mu myaka gy’e 1820, Ekibiina kya Democratic-Republican kyatandika okweyawulamu okusinziira ku bitundu n’ensonga z’eby’obulowoozo. Okweyawukana okukulu kwabaawo mu biro ebyetabwanga Era of Good Feelings (1817–1825), nga tewaali bavuganya ba maanyi ku bukulembeze bwa James Monroe. Ekiseera kino eky’obutabanguko mu byobufuzi kyaleetedde ekibiina kya Democratic-Republican okugwaamu amaanyi. Ekibiina ky’oluvannyuma ne kyeyawulamu mu bibinja bingi era ne kivamwo ebibiina by’ebyobufuzi bino wammanga:

Ekibiina ky’Abademokulaasi: Abagoberezi ba Andrew Jackson, eyafuuka pulezidenti ow’omusanvu mu 1829, baatandikawo Ekibiina ky’Abademokulaasi. Abademokulaasi ba Jackson baawagira ekitongole ky’obukulembeze ekinywevu, okugaziya ebitundu ebugwanjuba, n’okugaziya eddembe ly’okuvota eri abasajja abamweru.

Ekibiina kya Bannarepulikaani eky'eggwanga: Ekibiina kino kyavaawo ng'okwanukula ku obwapulezidenti bwa Andrew Jackson era oluvannyuma ne kigattika n'ebisinde ebirala ebitawakanya Jackson ne kifuuka Kibiina kya Whig. Bannarepulikaani b'eggwanga baasinga okuwagira gavumenti ya federo ey'amaanyi n'enkulaakulana y'eby'enfuna.

Ekibiina ky’eby’obufuzi ekirwanyisa Masoni: Kino kyali kibiina ky’eby’obufuzi ekyamala akaseera katono, ekyavaayo mu myaka gya 1820, nga okusingira ddala kyaddamu okweraliikirira ku maanyi g’omukago ogw’ekyama ogwa Masoni. Kyayingizaamu abamu ku baali mu Democratic-Republican edda.

Ekibiina kya Whig: Lyatondebwa mu myaka gya 1830, era Abawhig baalimu abaava mu National Republicans ab’edda, Anti-Masons, n’ebibiina by’oluvuganya ebirala. Baamanyikibwa olw’okuvuganya empolotika za Jackson, olw’okuwagira gavumenti ya federo ey’amaanyi, era n’okutumbula enkulaakulana y’amakolero n’eby’enfuna.

Ekibiina kya Republican eky’amulembe guno kyatandikibwawo mu myaka egya 1850 ng’okuddamu mu butereevu ku kweyongera kw’obunyiivu wakati w’ebitundu olw’ensonga z’obuddu. Kyasikiriza abaali ba Whig, Abademokulati abagaana obuddu, aba Free Soilers, n’abalala abagaana okugaziya obuddu mu bitundu ebipya. Omubeezi w’obwapulezidenti ow’olubereberye w’ekibiina kya Republican, John C. Fremont, yayimirira mu kalulu ka 1856, era omubeezi w’ekibiina oyo eyasooka okuwangula, Abraham Lincoln, yalondebwa mu 1860. Noolwekyo, Ekibiina kya Republican kyavaawo nga kiyawudde ku nnono ya Democratic-Republican era ne kigoberera ekkubo kyakyo eky’enjawulo mu byafaayo bya pulitiki eza Amerika.

Okutuuka mu 1860, ekibiina kya Republican kyalondamu Pulezidenti waakyo eyasooka. Kyali kisinziira ku mukago gw’ebibiina by’obufuzi ebyawakanya obuddu. Mu 1863, "Emancipation Proclamation" "yayogera" obuddu ne buggwawo. Mu 1863, ekkondeere erya Republican, olwo nga liyimiririddwa ekibiina kya Republican, "lyayogera" obuddu ne buggwawo, ate ekkondeere erya Abaprotesitanti lyavaamu okuba muvumenti ne lifuuka Ekkanisa ya Seventh-day Adventist. Omuvumenti gw’Abamillerite mu mateeka era mu butongole gwaggwaawo mu May 1863, era mu mwaka ogwo ekirayiro kya Musa, obunnabbi bw’obuddu, kyagaanyizibwa. Oyo alina amatwi, awulire.

Mu kiseera kino kyandiba kimanyisiza okuwaayo okunnyonnyola mu bufunze ku ‘ekirayiro kya Musa,’ nga bwe kyayitibwa Nnabbi Danyeri.

> Weewaawo, Abaisirayiri bonna bamenye amateeka go, era baava ku mateeka go baleme kuwuliriza eddoboozi lyo; ky’ensonga lwaki ekikolimo kifukiddwa ku ffe, n’ekirayiro ekyawandiikiddwa mu mateeka ga Musa omuddu wa Katonda, kubanga twonoonyezza eri ye. Danyeri 9:11.

William Miller, eyakulemberwa Gabulieri n’abamalayika abalala ng’asoma Ekigambo kya Katonda, yasooka kutwalibwa ku ‘emirundi musanvu’ eziri mu Levitiku omutwe ogwa amakumi abiri mu mukaaga. Obujulizi bwa Miller bwe nti mu kunoonyereza kwe ku Baibuli yatandikira mu kitabo ky’Olubereberye; era bw’atyo lwatu yatuuka ku Levitiku nga tannaba n’okutuuka ku myaka 2,300 egyogerwako mu Danyeri omutwe ogwa munaana n’olunyiriri olw’ekkumi na nnya. Bye yakozesa byokka byali Baibuli ne concordance ya Cruden.

Concordance ya Cruden terina bireeterezo ku bigambo by’Olwebbulaniya oba by’Oluyonaani eby’oluvannyuma ebyafuulibwa mu Olungereza lwa Bayibuli ya King James. Miller yateekanga ku mutima "obukwate" bw'ekitundu kye yabadde asomako, era n’akikozesa okumukulembera mu kutegeera ekigambo oba ekitundu ky’Ebyawandiikibwa. Bwe yatuuka ku ntegeera ye ku "emirundi musanvu", kyangu nnyo okulaba nti obukwate bwa "emirundi musanvu" obuli mu kitabo ky’Abaalevi omutwe ogwa 26 buli mu mutwe ogwa 25.

Essuula amakumi abiri mu ttaano eyanjula kuwummula kw’ensi, omwaka gwa Yubile, n’amateeka ag’obuddu. Amateeka ag’essuula amakumi abiri mu ttaano g’amu ku “tteeka lya Musa, omuddu wa Katonda,” erireeta omukisa bwe rigonderwa era ne leeta ekikolimo bwe ritagonderwa. Mu ssuula amakumi abiri mu mukaaga, ekikolimo ekya “emirundi musanvu” kiringana emyaka enkumi bbiri n’bikumi bitaano n’amakumi abiri era kisimbiddwa mu nteekateeka entegeerekeka ey’amateeka agakwata ku kuwummula kw’ensi n’ensonga n’emitendera gy’obuddu. Mu ssuula amakumi abiri mu mukaaga ekibonerezo kiyitibwa “empaka z’endagaano yange.”

> Awo nange ndibatambuliranga nga mbalwanyisa, era ndibabonereza emirundi musanvu olw’ebibi byammwe. Era ndibaleetera ekitala ku mmwe, ekigenda okuwoolera enkaayana ey’endagaano yange; era bwe munaakegatta mu bibuga byammwe, ndituma kawumpuli mu mmwe; era munaweebwayo mu mukono gw’omulabe. Eby’Abaleevi 26:24, 25.

Mu ngeri y'ebyogerwako wano, "endagaano" Katonda gy'alinaako "enkaayana" ye y'endagaano eyayogeddwako emabega mu ssuula amakumi abiri mu ttaano. Ekibonerezo eky'emirundi musanvu kiyitibwa "enkaayana ey'endagaano ya Katonda," era "ekikolimo" ekigiriko kye kiri nti Isirayiri baakuweebwa mu mukono gw'abalabe baabwe; era bwe baba mu nsi y'abalabe, (nga Danieri bwe yali) Isirayiri banaafuuka baddu b'abalabe baabwe.

Bwe Musa yawandiika Abaleevi essuula amakumi abiri mu mukaaga, Isirayiri ey’edda yali ng’emaze okulokolebwa okuva mu buddu bwa Misiri, era amateeka agakwata ku buddu agaalagibwa mu essuula amakumi abiri mu ttaano gaandireese omukisa oba ekikolimo. Isirayiri ey’edda teyakolanga mateeka ag’Omwaka gwa Yubile, era mu nkomerero obwakabaka obwa mu bukiikakkono n’obwa mu bukiikaddyo byombi byasaasanyizibwa mu "emirundi musanvu" mu kutuukiriza kye Daniyeri yayita "ekikolimo kya Musa."

Endagaano wakati wa Katonda ne Isirayiri eyali yatandikira ku buddu bwabwe e Misiri, yaggwaawo mu buddu bwabwe eri Asuli ne Babulooni. Ekiseera kya "emirundi musanvu" ekyali eri bwakabaka obwa mu bukiikakkono kyaggwa mu 1798, ate ekiseera kya "emirundi musanvu" ekyali eri bwakabaka obwa mu maserengeta kyaggwa mu 1844. Entandikwa y'ebiseera ebyombi eby'emirundi musanvu yalambikibwa mu kitabo kya Isaaya, essuula ey'omusanvu, mu bunnabbi bw'emyaka nkaaga mu ttaano Isaaya bwe yabuulira kabaka Akazi owa Yuda mu 742 BC.

> Kubanga omutwe gwa Siriya ye Ddamasiko, n’omutwe gwa Ddamasiko ye Rezini; era mu bbanga ly’emyaka nkaaga mu etaano Efulayimu anamenyebwamenyebwa, al eme okubeera eggwanga. Ate omutwe gwa Efulayimu ye Samaliya, n’omutwe gwa Samaliya ye mutabani wa Remaliya. Bwe mutakkiriza, temuliyimirira. Isaaya 7:8, 9.

Isaaya yali alaze nti mu bbanga lya myaka nkaaga mu ttaano okuva lwe waateekebwawo obunnabbi mu 742 BC, obwakabaka obw’obukiikakkono bujja kumenyebwa. Emyaka kkumi n’emyenda oluvannyuma mu 723 BC, obwakabaka obw’obukiikakkono bwa Isirayiri bwatwalibwa mu buddu kabaka wa Asuli, era emyaka amakumi ana mu mukaaga oluvannyuma mu 677 BC, kabaka wa Babulooni n’atwala mu buddu obwakabaka obw’amaserengeta bwa Yuda. Obunnabbi bw’emyaka nkaaga mu ttaano bwavaamu ebimanyisizo by’ebyafaayo mukaaga. Ekyasooka kye 742 BC, lwe waateekebwawo obunnabbi. Emyaka kkumi n’emyenda oluvannyuma mu 723 BC, obwakabaka obw’obukiikakkono bwatwalibwa mu buddu Abasuuli. Emyaka amakumi ana mu mukaaga oluvannyuma mu 677 BC, obwakabaka obw’amaserengeta bwatwalibwa mu buddu Abababulooni. Ogwookusooka ogw’emyaaka 2,520 ogwatandikira mu 723 BC ne guggwa mu 1798. Ate mu 1844 ogw’emyaaka 2,520 ogwatandika mu 677 BC ne guggwa. Okuva mu 1844, okutegeezebwa kw’obunnabbi ne kweyongerako emyaka kkumi n’emyenda ne kutuuka mu 1863 okumaliza entegeka y’obunnabbi yonna; kubanga bwe Alufa n’Oomega baateekawo emyaka kkumi n’emyenda okutandika entegeka y’obunnabbi, kyetaagisa okubeerawo emyaka kkumi n’emyenda okutuuka ku nkomerero yaayo.

Isirayiri ey’edda yanunulibwa okuva mu buddu bwa Misiri, naye olw’obutagondera obwakabaka byombi, obw’omu bukiikakkono n’obw’omu bukiikaddyo, byaddizibwa mu buddu. Obunnabbi buyita okuva mu byafaayo eby’obunnabbi eby’Isirayiri ow’omubiri ey’edda ne butuuka ku Isirayiri ow’omwoyo ow’omu kiseera kino, era bwe kityo omulamwa gw’obubonero bw’obunnabbi bwonna gwe buddu.

Obunnabbi obuli mu Isaaya essuula ey’omusanvu Isaaya yabutegeeza Kabaka omubi Akazi mu 742BC, nga waliwo entalo y’omu munda eyali etegeerekebwa okubaawo wakati w’amambuka n’amaserengeta. Obwakabaka obw’amaserengeta bwa Akazi bwali ettaka ery’ekitiibwa erya ddala erya Isirayiri ey’edda. Mu 1798, ettaka ery’ekitiibwa ery’omwoyo mu bunnabbi bwa Baibuli lyatandika okufuga ng’obwakabaka bwa mukaaga mu bunnabbi bwa Baibuli. Bwe gyaggwa mu 1844 emirundi musanvu egyali ku ettaka ery’ekitiibwa erya ddala, waaliwo, nga bwe kyali mu byafaayo bya Kabaka Akazi, entalo y’omu munda eyali egenda okuvaawo. Okutuuka mu 1844, obutabanguko mu by’obufuzi—amakibiina okumenyeka n’okukola emikago—bwabadde bukooye era nga bufuuse bika bibiri byokka by’okulowooza ku by’obufuzi. Mu nsonga z’obuddu, Democrats baali bawagira obuddu, ate Republicans baali balwanyisa obuddu. Okuva mu 1798 okutuuka ku ntandikwa y’entalo y’omu munda mu 1860, enkola y’okutondawo bika bibiri by’amakibiina g’eby’obufuzi yabadde etuuse ne etuula ddala.

Ahaazi yayimirira ettaka ery’ekitiibwa erya ddala, noolwekyo n’afaanaanyiriza ettaka ery’ekitiibwa ery’omwoyo. Ebyafaayo bya Ahaazi bifaanaanyiriza ebyafaayo eby’obunnabbi, we walangirirwa obunnabbi mu 742 BC, era ne bifaanaanyiriza ebyafaayo we waggwawo obunnabbi. Mu ntandikwa y’ebyafaayo, obwakabaka obw’amambuka obwali bugattiddwa mu bika kkumi bwali bweeyawudde okuva ku bika ebiri ebirala, nga bujeemera gavumenti ey’ebika ebiri eby’amaserengeta eyateekebwawo Katonda. Ebika kkumi eby’amambuka byali bakoze omukago ne Siriya, nga kifaanaanyiriza omukago wakati w’omukago ogw’amaserengeta n’obuyinza obuyimirizibwa mu kifaananyi kya Siriya.

Okunnyonnyola okutono kuno kulaga nti “emirundi musanvu” egyogerwako mu Eby’Abaleevi essuula amakumi abiri mu mukaaga kye kisuubizo ky’endagaano ekiteeka mu maaso omukisa olw’obugondera oba “ekikolimo” ky’obuddu olw’obutagondera. Obwakabaka obw’amambuka n’obw’amaserengeta baatandikira wamu nga eggwanga limu eryanunulwa okuva mu buddu, naye ne baddizibwa mu buddu mu nkomerero zaabyo buli kimu.

Emyaka nkaaga mu ttaano egyali ku nkomerero y'obunnabbi obwo obw'obuddu gyaggwa nga Isirayiri ey'omu mwoyo ali mu nsi ey'ekitiibwa ey'omu mwoyo, mu katikati ddala w'olutalo lw'omu nsi wakati w'amambuka n'amaserengeta. Omu ku b’abaalwanagana mu lutalo lw’omu nsi yali obwakabaka obwateekaawo okwegatta era ne bwawukana ku gavumenti eyateekebwawo Katonda eyali mu bwakabaka ery'obuvuganyi.

Okuva mu 1798 okutuusa ku lutalo lw’awaka, ekkondeere ly’obwa Ripabulika lyayisibwa mu nkola eyazaalawo ebika bibiri by’abawakanya mu byobufuzi abakiikirira obupande bubiri ku nsonga z’obuddu. Abawagizi b’obuddu abaayagala okweyongera okukola obuddu baawangulwa mu lutalo.

Okuva mu mwaka gwa 1798 okutuuka ku lutalo lw’awaka, empondo y’obuProtestanti yayisibwa mu nkola eyazaala ebika bibiri by’abawakanya mu by’eddiini ebyakiikirira emabbali abiri g’ensonga z’obuddu. Abawakanya abali ku ludda olw’okuwagira obuddu abaayanonya okutambuliza mu maaso okutegeera okwasooka ku bunnabbi obw’obuddu baawangulwa mu lutalo.

Mu mwaka gwa 1863 ekikondeere ky’Oburepulikaani kyatuuka ku buwanguzi mu kugaana enkola y’obuddu.

Mu 1863, edungu ly'Obupulotesitanti lyasobola okugaana obunnabbi bw'obuddu.

Mu kukikola bwe batyo baagaana omulimu gwa Miller, Eriya ow'ebiseera bye. Mu kukikola bwe batyo era ne baagaana "ekirayiro kya Musa," ejjinja ery'ensinziro ery'ebiseera byabwe. Olwo Musa ne Eriya ne bagaanyizibwa, naye ne bakomawo ku Ssettemba 11, 2001.

Alufa ne Omega, omukugu mu nnimi ow’ekitalo, yawandiika omukono gwe og’omutukuvu mu bwonna obw’obunnabbi bw’ebiro bwa "ekirayiro kya Musa" kwe ye yennyini yalangirira nga Palmoni, Omubala ow’ekitalo. Obanga temukkiriza, mazima temuteekebwawo.

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