ផានីយូម — លេខប្រាំ

Bhuku ra Danieri rinoburitsa rondedzero inoshamisa yechiporofita, richiruka musimboti wokudzokorora nokuwedzera unofamba uchipfuura muzviratidzo zvaro, kubva pachifananidzo chesimbi dzakasiyana-siyana chechitsauko 2 kusvika kumakakatanwa akaomarara emadzimambo echitsauko 11. Mukati mechimiro ichi, panobuda humbowo hunogombedzera hunoti: Hondo yeActium muna 31 BC, yakaguma nokuwa kweIjipiti muna 30 BC, inomira sechizadzikiso chakakosha chaDanieri 11:25, 26, ichiratidza kutanga kwoushe hwakakwirira hweRoma yechihedheni hwemakore 360.

Danyeli 11 inotanga nekusimuka nekudonha kwehumambo kwakatevera rufu rwaAlekizanda Mukuru muna 323 BC. Asi panosvika ndima 14, panobva pava nekushanduka. Munenge muna 200 BC, apo Antiochus III (Magnus) akanga achigadzirira Hondo yePanium achirwa namambo-mwana Ptolemy V, Roma yakapindira, kwete somutaririwo zvake, asi se“vapambi vavanhu vako.” Ichinetsekana nokusimbisa kuwanikwa kwegorosi reIjipiti mukati memhirizhonga yechiHellenistic, Roma yakaratidza simba rayo mukati meHondo yeChipiri yeMakedhonia (200–197 BC), ichigadzira hwaro hwebasa rayo rechiporofita.

Tichisvetukira ku 63 BC, uye vhesi 16 rinowana kuzadziswa kwaro apo Pompey anorwisa Jerusarema, achipinda muNzvimbo Tsvene-tsvene uye achisimbisa hutongi hweRoma pamusoro pe“nyika inobwinya.” Kubva pano, mavhesi 17 kusvika 22 anotevera kutevedzana kwevatungamiri veRoma: kurwa kwaPompey kumabvazuva, kukunda kwaJulius Caesar nekuurayiwa kwake muna 44 BC, kutonga kwaAugustus Caesar kwekuunganidza mutero (kunocherechedzwa muna Ruka 2:1) kwakaguma muna 14 AD, uye Tiberius achitarisira kurovererwa kwaKristu pamuchinjikwa mugore ra31 AD, apo “muchinda wesungano” akaputswa. Mutsetse wechiporofita unobva kuna Pompey muJerusarema kusvikira kuna Titus muJerusarema muna 70 AD, unorondedzera mutsetse wekutonga kweRoma pamusoro pevanhu vaMwari.

Kutanga nomukuru wehondo weRoma achisvibisa temberi kusvika kumagumo apo mumwe mukuru wehondo weRoma akaparadza temberi kunopa mucherechedzo waArufa naOmega. Kutanga nokusvibisa uye kuguma nokuparadza, mutsetse wenhoroondo uyuwo unotakurawo kusvibiswa nokuparadzwa kwoUyo akataura pamusoro paKe pachake achiti, “Paradzai temberi iyi, uye mumazuva matatu ndichaimutsa.” Chokwadi chinoumbwa netsamba yokutanga, yegumi nenhatu, neyokupedzisira yearufabheti yechiHebheru, uye mutsetse unotanga naPompey uchiguma naTitus unosanganisira kuparadzwa kwetemberi kuri pakati, kunomiririrwa nepakati pemichinjikwa mitatu yakamiswa pakati chaipo pevhiki iyo Kristu akauya kuzosimbisa sungano. Ndima gumi nenhanhatu kusvikira pamakumi maviri nembiri dzinomiririra mutsetse wouprofita unotakura mucherechedzo wechokwadi. Kune mitsetse mishoma inokosha youprofita mukati menhoroondo inomiririrwa nendima idzi, asi dingindira guru romutsetse uyu ndihwo hutongi hweRoma pamusoro pavaJudha.

Vhesi 23 “inodzokorora nokuwedzera” nokudzokera shure ku161–158 BC, apo vaJudha vari pasi paJudhasi Makkabheu vakaita sungano neRoma (1 Maccabees 8). Izvi zvinoratidza nzira yakasarudzika yaRoma yokuvaka humambo hwayo—kukunda kubudikidza nezvibvumirano nokudyidzana, nzira yakanga yakasiyana neyaivapo pamberi payo. Vhesi 24 inopedzisa chikamu ichi, ichicherechedza kuti Roma yaizo “ronga mano ayo ichibva panhare dzayo, kunyange kusvikira panguva yakati.”

Ijambo ryahinduwemo ngo “kurwanya” rishobora kumvikana nk’ijambo “kuva”. Uroma iteganya imigambi yayo “kuva” aho. Ijambo “kuva” muri uwo murongo ryerekeza ku mugi wa Roma, umutima wa politiki n’uwa gisirikare w’ubwami, nk’ishingiro ry’ingamba zabwo. “Igihe” mu buryo bw’ubuhanuzi ni imyaka 360, gitangira ubwo Egiputa yagwaga mu mwaka wa 30 Mbere ya Kristo nyuma ya Actium, kikarangira mu mwaka wa 330 ubwo Konstantino yavaga i Roma akimukira i Constantinople.

Vhesi 25 na 26 zvinonangisa paActium pachayo.

Muna 31 BC, Octavian, achimiririra Roma sa“mambo wokumusoro,” akaunganidza hondo dzake kuzorwa neIjipiti yaKleopatra, “mambo wokumaodzanyemba,” muhondo huru yemugungwa. “Hondo yavo huru kwazvo ine simba” yaAntony naKleopatra yakakundikana, ichikundwa nezano dze“mano” (mazano ehondo aAgrippa) uye nokutengeswa—kutiza kwevamwe vaibatsirana naAntony uye kudzokera shure kwaKleopatra pakati pehondo. Pakazosvika 30 BC, Ijipiti yakanga yava dunhu reRoma, zvichitanga ushe hweRoma yechihedheni hwakanga husisina anohupikisa. Nguva iyi yemakore 360, kubva muna 30 BC kusvika muna 330, inoenderana noukuru hweRoma hwakanga hwakatarisana panhare yayo yokutanga, kusvikira kuchinja kwakaitwa naConstantine “kwakawisira pasi” nhare yacho, sezvakaporofitwa muna Danieri 8:11.

A Constantine paakawisa guta reRoma nokuda kweguta reConstantinople, akasiya mukaha wesimba muguta reRoma wakazarukira kereke yeupapa kuti itore chigaro chemasimba chinomiririrwa neguta reRoma. Chiito ichocho chakazadzisa vhesi yechipiri yaZvakazarurwa gumi nenhatu.

Muna Danieri 8, kune mazwi maviri akasiyana echiHebheru, ose achishandurwa achinzi “nzvimbo tsvene,” ayo anopatsanura nyaya yenzvimbo tsvene mubhuku raDanieri. Bhuku raDanieri rinomiririra hondo iri pakati paKristu naSatani sezvinoratidzwa nevamiriri vavo vepanyika, Kristu naSatani. Bhabhironi, mumiriri waSatani wepanyika, rinokunda Jerusarema pakutanga kwaDanieri, uye Jerusarema rinokunda Bhabhironi mundima yemakumi mana neshanu yechitsauko chegumi nerimwe. Humambo hunomiririrwa neguta reJerusarema neguta reBhabhironi “inzvimbo tsvene dzesimba.” Maguta eBhabhironi neJerusarema ose ari maviri inzvimbo tsvene dzesimba, uye ose ari maviri ane temberi dzawo mukati meguta. Temberi yePantheon iri muguta reRoma, uye temberi iri muJerusarema ndiyo inoenderana nayo murondedzero yechiporofita. Bhabhironi neguta reRoma zvimanyepo zvinotevedzera Jerusarema.

Muna Danieri 8, pane mashoko maviri echiHebheru anoti “miqdash” mundima 11, apo runyanga ruduku (Roma yechihedheni) runokanda pasi “nzvimbo yetsvene yake” (guta reRoma), apo Constantine anotamisa chigaro muna 330. Rimwe shoko ndiro “qodesh” mundima 13, 14, apo nzvimbo tsvene yaMwari yakamirira kunatswa mushure memazuva 2300. Kunyange zvazvo mashoko ose ari maviri achishandurwa achinzi nzvimbo tsvene, “miqdash” rinogona kumirira nhare yaMwari kana nhare yechihedheni, asi “qodesh” rinongoshandiswa chete muBhaibheri kumirira nzvimbo tsvene yaMwari.

Mu Danyeli 11:31, “aheranda hera” (umujyi wa Roma) harahumanywa ubwo Ababarbari n’Abavandali bazana intambara mu mujyi wa Roma. “Amaboko” avugwa muri uwo murongo yatangiriye kuri Klovisi mu wa 496 kandi akomeza kugeza ubwo Roma ya gipapa yari imaze kuzamuka byuzuye mu wa 538, igihe Abaositorogozi birukanwaga muri uwo mujyi.

Muṱala wa vhuporofita u bvaho Actium u fhira 330. “Zwikepe zwa Chittim” zwa kha ndimana ya 30 zwi ṱalusa Vavandala vha fhasi ha Genseric, vhe vha thuba Roma nga 455, zwi tshi sumbedza u wa ha Roma ya Vhukovhela. Nga murahu Roma ya Vhupapa ya takuwa, ya vhusa u bva nga 538 u swika nga 1798; lwa miṅwaha ya 1260 u swika Napoleon’s General Berthier a tshi isa “tshilonda tshi vhulayaho” nga u fara Pius VI. Miṅwaha ya 360 ya Roma ya Vhuhedeni, u bva nga 30 BC u swika nga 330, i vhambedzana na miṅwaha ya 1260 ya Roma ya Vhupapa, iṅwe na iṅwe i tshi thoma musi tshithivheli tsha vhuraru (Egipita, Vhaostrogoth) tshi tshi wa.

“Mambo wa kaskazini” wa kisasa anaibuka katika aya ya 40. Mwaka 1989, upapa, ukiwa umeungana kwa siri na Marekani ya Reagan (inayowakilishwa kama magari ya vita, meli, na wapanda farasi), huiangusha USSR, “mfalme wa kusini” (ukana-Mungu/Ukomunisti). Aya ya 41 inautambulisha upapa ukilishinda “nchi ya utukufu”—na kuigeuza Marekani ya Kiprotestanti kuwa Marekani ya Kikatoliki—ilhali aya za 42, 43 zinaitambulisha Umoja wa Mataifa, unaowakilishwa na Misri, ukisalimu amri kwa muungano wa namna tatu unaojumuisha Umoja wa Mataifa (joka), Vatikani (mnyama) na Marekani (nabii wa uongo), ukiuongoza ulimwengu kuelekea Har–Magedoni. Aya ya 45 inatabiri mwisho wa mamlaka hii, “bila kuwapo wa kuisaidia”; jeraha lake likiwa limeponywa katika aya ya arobaini na moja, lakini hatima yake ikiwa imetiwa muhuri kufikia aya ya arobaini na tano.

Kukundwa kwa Akisio (Actium) mu 31 BC ndiko kunoonekwa zvikuru mundima 25 na26, kuchitanga kutonga kwaRoma kwemakore 360 kubva panzvimbo yayo tsvene-yenhare. Tichitora ndima 14 sechambiro, nyaya yeRoma yechipegani kubva mundima 16 kusvikira pakuchinjira kuRoma yepapa mundima 31 ndiyo mutsara wakazara weRoma yechipegani. Mutsara iwoyo wakakamurwa kuva zvikamu zvitatu. Ndima 16 kusvika 22 ndiwo mutsara wokutonga kukuru kwaRoma pamusoro peIsraeri yekare. Ndima 23 na24 dzinoratidza basa iri rokuvaka umambo rakashandiswa neRoma payaikunda nenzira yezvibvumirano nemasungano pamwe chete nesimba remauto. Kubva mundima 24 kusvikira pachirevo chokupedzisira chiri mundima 31 pane mutsara une zvikamu zviviri unomirira nguva iyo Roma yakazvikudza, ichiteverwa nokuwa.

“Nguva yakatarwa” ndiko kuguma kwemakore 360 mugore ra330. Ndima makumi maviri nenomwe kusvikira kuchirevo chokupedzisira chendima makumi matatu neimwe, chinoratidza nguva iyo simba repapa, rinomiririrwa sechinhu chinonyangadza chinoparadza, rakaiswa pachigaro choushe muna 538, inhoroondo yeRoma yechihedheni maererano nenguva yemakore mazana matatu namakumi matanhatu okutonga kwepamusoro-soro, izvo zvinozoteverwa nemakore mazana maviri nesere okuwa kunopfuurira zvishoma nezvishoma.

Saka nguva ya“nguva” iri mundima yemakumi maviri neina inotanga muna 31 BC nekuwedzerwa kwamambo wokumaodzanyemba kuhushe hwamambo wokumaodzanyemba, uye inopera muna 330 nekupatsanurwa kwamambo wokumaodzanyemba kuva kumabvazuva nokumadokero. Kubva muna 330 kusvika muna 538, Roma yechihedheni inoramba ichiparara zvishoma nezvishoma. Kuzivikanwa kwakasiyana-siyana kwouprofita kunobatanidzwa nematanho akasiyana-siyana okuparara kweRoma yechihedheni ndiko zvitsigiro zvouprofita zvinobvumira mudzidzi wouprofita kuziva Shoko raMwari rouprofita. Mukuzadziswa kwendima yegumi neina yaDhanieri gumi neimwe, Roma inosimbisa chiratidzo, uye imwe yenzira dzainoita chinhu ichocho ndeyokuwira kwayo. Ndima iyi inoti, “uyewo makororo avanhu vako vachazvisimudzira kuti vasimbise chiratidzo; asi vachawa.”

Apo Rumi rikarwiswa nengarava dzeKhitimu, uye pashure paizvozvo ndokurwisa zasi, hazvina kuitika sezvakanga zvakaita zvekutanga kana zvekupedzisira, nokuti kubva pano zvichienda mberi kuri kuratidzwa kuwa kwesimba reRumi. Hwamanda ina dzokutanga dzehwamanda nomwe dzaZvakazarurwa dzinowanikwa muchitsauko 8 dzinonyatsotsanangura masimba makuru mana ayo pakupedzisira akaunza Rumi rokumadokero kumagumo mugore ra476. Chiratidzo chinosimbiswa apo makororo avanhu vako vanozvikudza, vozowira pasi. Chiratidzo chouporofita chinoratidzwa pamusoro pechimiro chokuwa kweRumi. Rumi rokumadokero rechipagani rakawa kubva muna 330 kusvika muna 538. Rumi rapapa rakawa muna 1798. Munhoroondo yehwamanda yechishanu neyechitanhatu, Rumi rokumabvazuva rakawira kuvaTurkey veOttoman muna 1453. Kuwa kutatu ikoko chikamu chechiratidzo chinosimbiswa nemakororo avanhu vako.

Vhesi rinoti, “Uyewo vapambi vavanhu vako vachazvikudza kuti vasimbise chiratidzo; asi vachawa.” Kubva muna 31 BC kusvika muna 330, Roma yechihedheni “yakazvikudza” mukutonga kwayo kwepamusoro pamusoro penyika. Kubva muna 330 kusvika muna 538, Roma yechihedheni yakadonha ichibva parutivi kuti igadzirire munhu wechivi kuti agare mutemberi yaMwari, achizviti ndiye Mwari. Kubva muna 538 kusvika muna 1798, simba repapa “rakazvikudza,” uye muna 1798 rakawa. Kubva muna 31 BC kusvika muna 330, Roma yokumadokero “yakazvikudza” kuti ndiyo yaiva pakati pehumambo hweRoma, uye kubvira muna 330 kusvika muna 476 yakawa. Muna 330, Constantine akakudza kuti Constantinople ndiyo yaiva pakati peRoma yokumabvazuva, uye muna 1453 Roma yokumabvazuva yakawa. Nguva dzemifananidzo yakasiyana-siyana yeRoma imwe neimwe ine nguva iyo Roma inozvikudza, ichiteverwa nenguva inoratidza kuwa kwayo, nokuti “vapambi vavanhu vako vachazvikudza kuti vasimbise chiratidzo; asi vachawa.”

Shoko la Kiebrania lililotafsiriwa kuwa “waporaji” hufaa zaidi kutafsiriwa kuwa “wavunjaji,” kwa maana linaafikiana kwa ukaribu zaidi na maana ya msingi ya mzizi huo—kupenya kwa kuvunja au kuvuruga—kuliko “waporaji” pekee (ambalo hudokeza wizi). Neno hilo huashiria wale wavunjiao mipaka, sheria, au maagano, si wale waibao mali tu. Katika unabii wa Biblia, Rumi ndiye mvunjaji, ingawa katika aya ya kumi na nne limetafsiriwa kuwa “waporaji.” Katika Danieli sura ya pili, Rumi ni ufalme wa chuma, na tena katika sura ya saba, mnyama wa nne naye pia ni Rumi.

Chikara chechina—icho chiri Roma—chine meno e“simbi,” nokuti ndihwo umambo hwechina humwe chete hwakamiririrwa sesimbi muchitsauko chechipiri. Mundima yechinomwe chikara chechina cheRoma “chinopwanya kuita zvidimbu,” uye kana chapwanya kuita zvidimbu “chakatsika zvakasara netsoka dzacho.” Chikara cheRoma ndihwo umambo hwesimbi, uye chimiro chokupwanya kuita zvidimbu nokutsika zvakasara chinomiririra chiito chokutambudza. Kutambudzwa kwakauyiswa pamusoro paIsraeri wekare kwaiva “chiratidzo.”

Maliro juu ya Israeli wa kale yaliyokuja kwa sababu ya uasi wao ni “ishara na ajabu, na juu ya uzao wako milele.” Lile pigo lilipaswa kuletwa juu yao na “taifa lenye uso mkali.” Yule mnyama mwenye meno ya chuma ambaye “huvunja vipande-vipande na kukanyaga mabaki” katika sura ya saba ndiye pia ufalme wa nne utokao katika mgawanyiko wa ufalme wa Aleksanda, na kama ilivyokuwa kwa Musa katika Kumbukumbu la Torati, ufalme huo ni taifa ambalo lugha yake Israeli wa kale wasingeielewa. Ufalme wa Rumi katika Danieli sura ya nane ni taifa lenye uso mkali na taifa linalosema lugha nyingine.

“Vapambi (vaparadzi) vevanhu vako” vanosimbisa chiratidzo; vanozvikudza, uye vanowira pasi. Umambo hwechina hwesimbi hwaiva Roma yechihedheni, iyo yakatonga nesimba guru panguva yayakazvikudza, asi kuwira kwayo kwekupedzisira kwakazova chimiro chechiporofita chinosimbisa chiratidzo. Ivo vaparadzi, nokuti vanotsikirira pasi vanhu vaMwari kubudikidza nokutambudzwa.

Tutalekela na kelasi oyo na lisolo oyo elandi.