Imbali Efihlakeleyo Yevesi Yamashumi Amane — Inani Elilishumi Elinesixhenxe

“Isitshixo” esivula umhadi ongenasiphelo yimfazwe yaseNineve, ezalisekiswe ngowama-627, kwiminyaka emihlanu ngaphambi kokuba uMohammed afe ngowama-632. Kwiminyaka emihlanu kamva, ngowama-637, imikhosi yamaSilamsi yathimba ikomkhulu lasePersi, elinye kula magunya makhulu mabini abalaseleyo athabatha inxaxheba kwimfazwe yaseNineve. Esi siganeko satshintsha ngamandla ulungelelwaniso lwamandla kuMbindi Mpuma. Imfazwe yaseNineve ngowama-627 yawaphelisa amandla oBukhosi basePersi, yaye kwiminyaka elishumi kamva uBukhosi basePersi baphela.

Kwiminyaka elikhulu anamashumi amahlanu emva kokufa kukaMohammed ngowama-632, kwiPhulo lama-Abbasid lowama-782, umkhosi wama-Abbasid (okuthiwa wawumalunga namadoda angama-95 000) waqalisa uhlaselo olukhulu kummandla woBukhosi baseByzantium eAsia Minor (iTurkey yanamhlanje). Baqhubela phambili de bafike eChrysopolis, ngqo ngaphesheya kweBosporus Strait ukusuka eConstantinople—besondela kakhulu kwikomkhulu laseByzantium. AmaByzantium, phantsi koMlawulikazi uIrene, afumana ukoyiswa okukhulu. Ngenxa yoko, amaByzantium anyanzeleka ukuba atyikitye uxolo lokunqumama kwemfazwe lweminyaka emithathu oluhlazisayo, evuma ukuhlawula umrhumo omkhulu wonyaka (malunga nama-70 000–90 000 eedinar zegolide) kwanokunikezela ngeengubo zesilika nabathinjwa. Eli phulo lalingelinye lawona mahlaselo makhulu nelaphumelela kakhulu ama-Abbasid awawenza kumazwe aseByzantium ngenkulungwane ye-8. Labonakalisa amandla akhulayo oBukhalifa bama-Abbasid nokuhla okuqhubekayo koBukhosi baseByzantium.

Kukho amaxesha amabini ahlukeneyo esiprofeto eminyaka ilikhulu elinamashumi amahlanu kwixilongo lesihlanu leSityhilelo isahluko sesithoba. Elokuqala lisusela ekufeni kukaMohammed ngowama-632 lide lifike ekuthotyweni kweKumkanikazi u-Irene woBukhosi baseRoma baseMpuma ngowama-782. Isahluko sesithoba sichaza ukuvela kobuSilamsi ngendlela eneenkcukacha kakhulu. Ukusukela ekudityanisweni kwezizwe ngowama-606, ukuya emfazweni yaseNineve ngowama-627, ukuya ekufeni kukaMohammed ngowama-632, kuze ke kufike ekoyisweni kwePersi ngowama-637, ukunyuka nokuwa kobuSilamsi kulandelwa ngononophelo eLizwini likaThixo lesiprofeto. UbuSilamsi baseArabhiya bungamandla akweso siprofeto sokuqala seminyaka elikhulu elinamashumi amahlanu sentuthumbo. Ukumanyaniswa kwezizwe nguMohammed ngowama-606; kwaza kwalandela idabi “elingundoqo” laseNineve ngowama-627, lalandelwa sisiprofeto sikaMohammed sokutshabalala kwePersi neRoma zombini malunga nowama-628, kuze ke kufike ekufeni kwakhe ngowama-632. Le mihla imele ulandelelwano oluthile lweziganeko kumgca wobuSilamsi.

Kwiminyaka elikhulu elinamashumi amahlanu emva kokuba uMohammed wasweleka ngowama-632, iziko lamandla e-Islam latshintsha lisuka eArabhiya laya eTurkey, njengoko yayityhala iRoma yaseMpuma ibuyela umva de yafika eConstantinople. Uvuthamelo lokuqala lwalumela i-Islam yaseArabhiya, yaye uvuthamelo lwesibini lwalumela i-Islam yaseTurkey. Phakathi kovuthamelo lokuqala, zombini iziprofeto zexesha zeminyaka elikhulu elinamashumi amahlanu zichaza umahluko phakathi kwe-Islam yaseArabhiya ne-Islam yaseTurkey, kanye njengoko oko kumelwa ngumahluko waloo nyaniso inye phakathi kovuthamelo lokuqala nolwesibini.

Iminyaka yokuqala elikhulu elinamashumi amahlanu yaqala ngokutshabalala kwePersi yaza yaphela iRoma ibambeke ngaphakathi kweendonga zaseConstantinople. Ixesha lesibini leminyaka elikhulu elinamashumi amahlanu laqala ngoloyiso luka-Osman (okwabizwa kananjalo ngokuba nguOttman) eNicomedia. Uloyiso lwama-Ottoman eNicomedia lubhekisela kuNgqingo lweNicomedia (i-İzmit yanamhlanje, eTurkey), olwenzeka ukususela ngowe-1333 ukuya kowe-1337 xa uSultan Orhan Gazi (unyana ka-Osman I, umseki we-Ottoman Beylik), wangqinga isixeko esibalulekileyo samaByzantium, iNicomedia. Isixeko saxhathisa kangangeminyaka emininzi, kodwa ekugqibeleni sanikela ngowe-1337 ngenxa yendlala nokunqongophala kwezinto zokubonelela. Umkhosi wokhuselo wamaByzantium wavunyelwa ukuba uhambe uye eConstantinople. INicomedia yayiyeyenye yeenqaba zokugqibela ezinkulu zamaByzantium eAsia Minor (Anatolia). Ukuwa kwaso kwaphelisa ngokwenene ulawulo lwamaByzantium kuninzi lweAnatolia yasentshona. Olu loyiso lwavumela ama-Ottoman ukuba aqinise amandla awo eBithynia aze ande ngakumbi esiya ngakwiBosporus Strait. Lwalulinyathelo elikhulu elikhokelela ekoyisweni kokugqibela kweConstantinople ngama-Ottoman (okwenzeka ngaphezu kwenkulungwane kamva ngowe-1453). Ingqingo le idla ngokubonwa njengenye yoloyiso oluphambili lwangaphambili olwaguqula i-beylik encinane yama-Ottoman yaba ligunya lommandla elalinyuka.

OoVulindlela baqonda kakuhle baza bafundisa ngokuchanekileyo ukuba ibinzana elithi “indawo yengcwele yakhe yaphoswa phantsi” kuDaniyeli isibhozo nendinyana yeshumi elinanye lazalisekiswa nguConstantine.

“Ingcwele” echazwe apha yayiyitempile yePantheon kwisixeko saseRoma, yaye “indawo” yaloo tempile yayiyiRoma. IRoma “yaphoswa phantsi” nguConstantine xa wakhetha ukususa ikomkhulu lobukumkani bakhe alise eConstantinople ngonyaka wama-330. Ivesi yeshumi elinanye inxulumana neSityhilelo isahluko seshumi elinesithathu ivesi yesibini, yaye ichaza kwaeso siganeko sinye.

Inamba yayinguRoma wobuhedeni, yaye uRoma wobuhedeni wanikela “isihlalo” sawo segunya kwicawa yaseRoma ngowama-330, xa wawusa ikomkhulu usiya empuma, ngaloo ndlela ushiya isikhewu segunya awathi icawa yobupopu yasixhamla ngovuyo. Xa siqala umgca weRoma yasempuma ukusuka kumnyaka wama-330 kuse kowe-1453, sifumanisa ukuba ekuqaleni kwesiprofeto seRoma yasempuma, isixeko saseRoma sathotywa kukwaliwa kweRoma nguConstantine. Oko kuthotywa kwaphindwa ngoKumkanikazi uIrene ngowama-782, ekupheleni kweminyaka yokuqala elikhulu elinamashumi amahlanu yentuthumbo. Kokubini oko kuthotywa kwaphindwa nguConstantine wokugqibela.

Ixilongo lesihlanu nelesithandathu leSityhilelo isahluko sesithoba zinika iinkcukacha zokuwa kweRoma yasempuma, kwangaxeshanye zibhala ukunyuka nokuwa kobuSilamsi. Umphefumlelo usixelela ukuba sifunde “ukunyuka nokuwa” kwezikumkani ezisezincwadini zikaDaniyeli neSityhilelo. Ezo zikumkani zineempawu zazo ezicacileyo ezinxulumene “nokunyuka nokuhla” kwazo okungaqhelekanga. Ukuwa kukaYuda kwaziswa luhlaselo oluthathu phezu kweYerusalem. AmaHebhere athinjelwa eBhabheli aza abuya phantsi kwemithetho emithathu, eya kuqalisa iminyaka engama-2,300 eyakhokelela ekubeni iingelosi ezintathu zingene embalini ukusuka kowe-1798 kuse kowe-1844. IBhabheli yawa ngobusuku bunye. IRoma yachithakala, yaye phakathi kokuchithakala kwayo kwabekwa phambili imiba emibini yeRoma phantsi kwendawo yeRoma yasentshona okanye yeRoma yasempuma. Ukunyuka nokuwa kobukumkani bamaPtolemy nobukumkani bamaSeleukos kwisahlulo sokuqala sesithathu sikaDaniyeli isahluko seshumi elinanye kufuzisela ukunyuka nokuwa kweRoma yobupopu. Obo bungqina sisiphelo nje sebali lika-Aleksandire nokuchithakala kweGrisi. Ngokungafaniyo neRoma, iGrisi yahlulwa yangamacandelo amane awathi ekugqibeleni aba mabini. IRoma yahlulwa yaba yimpuma nentshona, yaye emva koko iRoma yasentshona yahlulwa ngokwesiprofeto yaba ntathu, imela ulawulo lweRoma olunezintlu-ntathu. Ngokuphathelele iRoma yasempuma, uKonstantine wahlula ubukumkani bakhe koonyana bakhe abathathu. Kucacile ukuba iRoma yasentshona neRoma yasempuma yimigca ehambelanayo emele ibandla laseRoma norhulumente waseRoma. Kolo lwahlulo luphindwe kabini kukho kwakhona ulwahlulo oluphindwe kathathu. IGrisi yayisuka kwesine iye kwesibini, iBhabheli yayibusuku bunye, uYuda yayiluhlaselo oluthathu. Ngokubhekisele kubuSilamsi, “ukunyuka” kwabo kubonakaliswa “njengokukhululwa,” yaye “ukuwa” kwabo “kukuthintelwa.”

Ukutshabalala okuqhubekayo kweRoma yasentshona ukusuka ku-330 ukuya ku-476 kumela ukutshabalala okuqhubekayo kwe-United States ukusuka ku-1798 ukuya kumthetho weCawa. Unyaka ka-“330” nomnyaka ka-“1798” bobabini bangamanqaku endlela esiprofeto abizwa ngokuba “lixesha elimisiweyo” okanye “lixesha lesiphelo” encwadini kaDaniyeli. U-330 uphawula ukuqala kweRoma yasentshona neyasempuma. Isiphelo sazo zombini kukuthotywa kwenkokeli yaseRoma, kanye njengokuba uConstantine wathoba isidima sesixeko saseRoma ekuqaleni. U-476 wawusisiphelo sexesha lesiprofeto esiphawula indlela ulwakhiwo lwezopolitiko oludumileyo lwaseRoma olwawaqhekeka ngayo phantsi kwamanyathelo amathathu. Ixesha elaqala ngokulahlwa kwesixeko ngo-330 lalandelwa kukuthotywa kolwakhiwo lwabo lonke lwezopolitiko—iriphabliki yabo ebalaseleyo, eyayiyeyona nto iphambili yokuqhayisa kweRoma yamandulo, yachithwa—aza ekugqibeleni lafikelela ku-476, xa kwakungasayi kuphinda kubekho mlawuli phezu kweRoma owayevela kumlibo wegazi wokwenene waseRoma. Imigca emibini yaseRoma eqala ngonyaka ka-330, nesiqendu apho le migca mibini ibekwe khona, sikwaquka nemigca emibini yesiprofeto yeenyanga ezintlanu. Umgca weRoma yasentshona uqala uze uphele ngokuthotywa okuqhubekayo. Umgca weRoma yasempuma uqala uze uphele ngokuthotywa okuqhubekayo ngo-1449, njengoko uConstantine wokugqibela wacela imvume yokulawula.

Ukumkani phezu kwabo wayenguMohammed, kuba uchongiwe kwindinyana yokuqala, ngoko akanguye omnye umntu wobuSilamsi; nguMohammed ukumkani, yaye ukumkani bubukumkani, yaye ubuSilamsi bubukumkani bukaMohammed.

UbuSilamsi sisitshixo esavula umhadi ongenasiphelo ngomhla ka-9/11, yaye sisona sivula umhadi ongenasiphelo ngexesha lomthetho weCawa. Phakathi kwexesha lokutywinwa, nerhamncwa-inamba lobuzwe behlabathi nalo laphuma emhadini ongenasiphelo.

Siya kuqhubekela phambili ngakumbi kwinqaku elilandelayo.