Umlando Ofihlekile Wevesi Lamashumi Amane — Inombolo Eyishumi Nesikhombisa

“Isihluthulelo” esivula umgodi ongenamkhawulo siyimpi yaseNineve, eyagcwaliseka ngo-627, eminyakeni emihlanu ngaphambi kokuba uMohammed afe ngo-632. Eminyakeni emihlanu kamuva, ngo-637, amabutho amaSulumane athumba inhloko-dolobha yasePheresiya, omunye wemibuso emikhulu emibili eyabamba iqhaza empini yaseNineve. Lesi senzakalo sashintsha kakhulu ukulingana kwamandla eMpumalanga Ephakathi. Impi yaseNineve ngo-627 yathena amandla oMbuso wasePheresiya, kwathi eminyakeni eyishumi kamuva uMbuso wasePheresiya waphela.

Eminyakeni eyikhulu namashumi amahlanu emva kokufa kukaMohammed ngo-632, emKhankasweni wama-Abbasid ka-782, ibutho lama-Abbasid (okuthiwa lalingaba ngamadoda angaba ngu-95,000) laqalisa ukuhlasela okukhulu endaweni yoMbuso WaseByzantium e-Asia Minor (iTurkey yanamuhla). Laqhubekela phambili laze lafika eChrysopolis, ngqo ngaphesheya koLwandle iBosporus ukusuka eConstantinople—lasondela kakhulu enhlokodolobha yaseByzantium. AmaByzantium, ngaphansi kweNdlovukazi u-Irene, ahlulwa kabuhlungu. Ngenxa yalokho, amaByzantium aphoqeleka ukuba asayine isivumelwano sokumisa ukulwa seminyaka emithathu esiyihlazo, evuma ukukhokha intela enkulu yaminyaka yonke (engaba ngu-70,000–90,000 wamadinali egolide) kanye nokunikeza izingubo zikasilika nezithunjwa. Lo mkhankaso wawungomunye wemikhankaso emikhulu kakhulu nephumelele kakhulu yokungena kwama-Abbasid emazweni aseByzantium phakathi nekhulu le-8. Wabonakalisa amandla akhulayo oMbuso wobuCaliph bama-Abbasid kanye nokuqhubeka kokuwohloka koMbuso WaseByzantium.

Kukhona izikhathi ezimbili ezihlukene zesiprofetho zeminyaka eyikhulu namashumi amahlanu ophondweni lwesihlanu lweSambulo isahluko sesishiyagalolunye. Esokuqala sisukela ekufeni kukaMohammed ngo-632 kuze kube sekwehlisweni kwesithunzi seNdlovukazi u-Irene yoMbuso waseRoma waseMpumalanga ngo-782. Isahluko sesishiyagalolunye sikhomba ukuvela kwe-Islam ngendlela enemininingwane kakhulu. Kusukela ekuhlanganisweni kwezizwe ngo-606, kuya empini yaseNineve ngo-627, kuya ekufeni kukaMohammed ngo-632, bese kuya ekunqotshweni kwePheresiya ngo-637, ukuvela nokwehla kwe-Islam kulandelwa ngokucophelela eZwini likaNkulunkulu lesiprofetho. I-Islam yase-Arabhiya ingamandla akuleso siprofetho sokuqala seminyaka eyikhulu namashumi amahlanu sokuhlupha. Ukuhlanganiswa kwezizwe nguMohammed ngo-606; bese kuba impi “eyisihluthulelo” yaseNineve ngo-627, kulandelwe yisibikezelo sikaMohammed sokubhujiswa kokubili kwePheresiya neRoma cishe ngo-628, bese kuya ekufeni kwakhe ngo-632. Lezi zinsuku zimele uhlelo oluqondile lwezehlakalo emlandweni we-Islam.

Ngemva kweminyaka eyikhulu namashumi amahlanu uMohammed eshonile ngo-632, isisekelo samandla e-Islam sashintsha sisuka e-Arabia saya eTurkey, njengoba yayixosha iMpumalanga yeRoma yayibuyisela emuva kwaze kwaba seConstantinople. Umaye wokuqala wayemele i-Islam yase-Arabia, kanti umaye wesibili wayemele i-Islam yaseTurkey. Ngaphakathi komaye wokuqala, zombili iziprofetho zesikhathi seminyaka eyikhulu namashumi amahlanu zikhomba umehluko phakathi kwe-Islam yase-Arabia ne-Islam yaseTurkey, njengoba nje lokhu kumelwa ekwahlukanisweni kweqiniso elifanayo phakathi komaye wokuqala nowesibili.

Iminyaka eyikhulu namashumi amahlanu yokuqala yaqala ngokubhujiswa kwePheresiya, yaphela iRoma isibambeke phakathi kwezindonga zaseConstantinople. Isikhathi sesibili seminyaka eyikhulu namashumi amahlanu saqala ngokunqoba kuka-Osman (obizwa nangokuthi u-Ottman) eNicomedia. Ukunqoba kwama-Ottoman eNicomedia kubhekisela ekuvinjezelweni kweNicomedia (i-İzmit yanamuhla, eTurkey), okwenzeka kusukela ngo-1333 kuya ku-1337, lapho uSultan Orhan Gazi (indodana ka-Osman I, umsunguli we-Ottoman Beylik) evimbezela idolobha elibalulekile laseByzantium, iNicomedia. Idolobha lamelana iminyaka eminingana, kodwa ekugcineni lanikela ngo-1337 ngenxa yendlala nokuswela izimpahla. Ibutho laseByzantium elaligadile lavunyelwa ukuba lihambe liye eConstantinople. INicomedia lalingelinye lezinqaba zokugcina ezinkulu zaseByzantium e-Asia Minor (Anatolia). Ukuwa kwalo kwaqeda ngokoqobo ukubusa kweByzantium engxenyeni enkulu yasentshonalanga ye-Anatolia. Lokhu kunqoba kwavumela ama-Ottoman ukuba aqinise amandla awo eBithynia futhi andise phambili ngaseMfuleni iBosporus. Kwakuyisinyathelo esikhulu esaholela ekunqobeni kokugcina kwama-Ottoman iConstantinople (okwenzeka eminyakeni engaphezu kwekhulu kamuva, ngo-1453). Ukuvinjezelwa kuvame ukubhekwa njengenye yezinqoba ezibalulekile zakuqala ezaguqula i-beylik encane yama-Ottoman yaba amandla esifunda ayesakhula.

Amaphayona aqonda futhi afundisa ngokunembile ukuthi inkulumo ethi “indawo yengcweliso yakhe yadilizwa” kuDaniyeli isahluko sesishiyagalombili nevesi leshumi nanye yagcwaliseka ngoConstantine.

“Indawo engcwele” ekhonjiswe lapha kwakuyithempeli lasePantheon emzini waseRoma, futhi “indawo” yalelo thempeli kwakuyiRoma. IRoma “yaphonswa phansi” nguConstantine ngesikhathi ekhetha ukudlulisela inhloko-dolobha yombuso wakhe eConstantinople ngonyaka ka-330. Ivesi leshumi nanye lihlobene nesAmbulo 13 ivesi 2 futhi likhomba umcimbi ofanayo.

Udrako wayeyiRoma yobuqaba, futhi iRoma yobuqaba yanikela “isihlalo” sayo sobukhosi eBandleni laseRoma ngonyaka ka-330, lapho ithuthela inhloko-dolobha empumalanga, ngaleyo ndlela ishiya isikhala samandla iBandla lobupapa elathatha ithuba laso ngokuthokoza. Lapho siqala umugqa weRoma yasempumalanga kusukela ngonyaka ka-330 kuze kube ngu-1453, sithola ukuthi ekuqaleni kwesiprofetho seRoma yasempumalanga, umuzi waseRoma uthotshiswa ukwenqatshwa kweRoma nguConstantine. Lokho kuthotshiswa kwaphindwa ngoMbusi wesifazane u-Irene ngonyaka ka-782, ekuphetheni kweminyaka eyikhulu namashumi amahlanu okuhlushwa. Kokubili lokho kuthotshiswa kwaphindwa nguConstantine wokugcina.

Amacilongo esihlanu nelesithupha eSambulo isahluko sesishiyagalolunye anikeza imininingwane ngokuwa kweRoma yasempumalanga, kuyilapho futhi elandisa ngokuvuka nokuwa kobuSulumane. Ukuphefumulelwa kusazisa ukuba sifunde “ukuvuka nokuwa” kwemibuso ezincwadini zikaDaniyeli neSambulo. Leyo mibuso inomumo wayo ohlukile owodwa nowodwa, ohambisana “nokuvuka nokuwa” kwayo okuyisimo sayo esikhethekile. Ukuwa kukaJuda kwavezwa ukuhlaselwa kathathu kweJerusalema. AmaHeberu athunjelwa eBhabhiloni, futhi ayeyobuya ngaphansi kwezimemezelo ezintathu, ezaziyoqalisa iminyaka eyi-2,300 eyaholela ezingelosini ezintathu ekungeneni emlandweni kusukela ku-1798 kuze kube ngu-1844. IBhabhiloni lawa ngobusuku obubodwa. IRoma yahlakazeka, futhi phakathi kwalokho kuhlakazeka kwase kubekwa phambili izingxenye ezimbili zeRoma ngaphansi kwendawo yeRoma yasentshonalanga noma yeRoma yasempumalanga. Ukuvuka nokuwa kombuso wamaPtolemy nombuso wamaSeleucid engxenyeni yokuqala yesithathu kaDaniyeli ishumi nanye kufanekisa ukuvuka nokuwa kweRoma yobupapa. Lobo bufakazi bumane buyisiphetho sendaba ka-Aleksanda nokuhlakazeka kweGrisi. Ngokungafani neRoma, iGrisi yahlukana yaba izingxenye ezine ezagcina seziyizimbili. IRoma yahlukana yaba impumalanga nentshonalanga, kwase kuthi ngemva kwalokho iRoma yasentshonalanga yahlukaniswa ngokwesiprofetho yaba zintathu, imelela uhulumeni weRoma onezingxenye ezintathu. Ngokuqondene neRoma yasempumalanga, uKonstantine wahlukanisela amadodana akhe amathathu umbuso wakhe. Kusobala ukuthi iRoma yasentshonalanga neRoma yasempumalanga ziyimizila ehambisanayo emelela ibandla laseRoma nombuso waseRoma. Kuleyo nhlukaniso yezingxenye ezimbili kukhona futhi enye inhlukaniso yezingxenye ezintathu. IGrisi yayiyizine yaba zimbili, iBhabhiloni lalingobobusuku obubodwa, uJuda wayehlaselwe kathathu. NgobuSulumane, “ukuvuka” kwabo kuvezwa “njengokukhululwa,” futhi “ukuwa” kwabo “kungukuvinjelwa.”

Ukuwohloka okuqhubekela phambili kweRoma yasentshonalanga kusukela ku-330 kuze kube ngu-476 kumelela ukuwohloka okuqhubekela phambili kwe-United States kusukela ku-1798 kuze kube ngumthetho weSonto. Unyaka ka-“330” nonyaka ka-“1798” kuyizimpawu zendlela zesiprofetho zombili ezibizwa ngokuthi “isikhathi esimisiwe” noma “isikhathi sokuphela” encwadini kaDaniyeli. U-330 uphawula ukuqala kweRoma yasentshonalanga neyaseMpumalanga. Ukuphela kwakho kokubili kuwukuthotshiswa komholi waseRoma, njengoba nje uConstantine athotshisa umuzi waseRoma ekuqaleni. U-476 wawungukuphela kwenkathi yesiprofetho ephawula ukuthi uhlaka lwezepolitiki oludumile lweRoma lwahlakazeka ngaphansi kwezinyathelo ezintathu. Inkathi eyaqala ngokwaliwa komuzi ngo-330 yalandelwa ukuthotshiswa kwalo lonke uhlaka lwabo lwezepolitiki—irephabhlikhi yabo ekhazimulayo, eyayiyindawo enkulu yokuzigqaja yeRoma yasendulo, yahlakazwa—futhi ekugcineni yafinyelela ku-476, lapho kwakungeke kusaba khona umbusi phezu kweRoma owayengowozalo lwangempela lwaseRoma. Imigqa emibili yeRoma eqala ngonyaka ka-330, nendima lapho leyo migqa emibili ibekwa khona, ihlanganisa futhi imigqa emibili yesiprofetho yezinyanga ezinhlanu. Umugqa weRoma yasentshonalanga uqala futhi uphele ngokuthotshiswa okuqhubekela phambili. Umugqa weRoma yaseMpumalanga uqala futhi uphele ngokuthotshiswa okuqhubekela phambili ngo-1449, njengoba uConstantine wokugcina acela imvume yokubusa.

Inkosi phezu kwabo kwakunguMohammed, ngoba ukhonjwa evesini lokuqala, ngakho-ke akayena omunye umuntu ongumSulumane; unguMohammed inkosi, futhi inkosi ingumbuso, kanti ubuSulumane bungumbuso kaMohammed.

UbuSulumane buyisihluthulelo esavula umgodi ongenamkhawulo ngo-9/11, futhi buyisona esivula umgodi ongenamkhawulo ngesikhathi somthetho weSonto. Phakathi nesikhathi sokubekwa uphawu, isilo sikadrako sobumbano lomhlaba naso saphuma emgodini ongenamkhawulo.

Sizoqhubeka siye phambili esihlokweni esilandelayo.