Bhuku raDanieri - Nhamba zana nemakumi manomwe nenhatu

Mubhuku rine musoro unoti, *Hitler’s Pope*, munyori John Cornwell anotanga nyaya yapapa aizova papa akatonga panguva yakanga Hitler achitonga Germany, nababamukuru vake pamwe naPapa Pius IX, avo vakadzingwa muGuta reRoma. Pius IX paakatiza muguta reRoma, akazvishandura semunun’una wechikadzi, murume oga waakaenda naye aiva babamukuru vapapa vaizova papa. Cornwell anobata ukama hwepedyo hwevarume vaviri ava, uye kubva ipapo anoratidza kuti baba vapapa vaizova papa vaivewo vakabatanidzwa nenzvimbo yesimba yeChechi yeKatorike. Nokudaro anotsanangura mamiriro enhoroondo ezvemagariro, ezvematongerwo enyika, uye ezvechitendero kubva panguva yaPius IX, kusvikira kuHondo Yenyika II. Muchidimbu ichocho chenhoroondo chinodzidzisa zvikuru.

Gregory VII akanga ari “murevereri wekusakanganisa,” asi chirevo icho chinosekesa hachina kuitwa dzidziso yepamutemo (dogma) kusvikira kuna Pius IX, uyo akaita kuti chirevo icho choupenzi chisimbiswe sedzidziso yakatangwa paKanzuru yeVatican yokutanga. Dzidziso yacho yakagamuchirwa musi wa18 Chikunguru 1870, makore zana nemakumi mashanu, pazuva chairo, kusati kwasvika kuodzwa mwoyo kwekutanga kwevane zana nemakumi mana nezvina zvuru.

Kinachofundisha kuhusu historia ni kwamba Pius IX alipoupanga Mtaguso wa kwanza wa Vatikano, na kutekeleza fundisho lake la kutokukosea, msukumo wake uliletwa na chuki yake dhidi ya kile kilichoitwa “usasa.” Haukuwa umejikita katika wazo kwamba papa hawezi kufanya makosa yoyote anapofafanua mafundisho ya kibiblia; ulikuwa ni utetezi wa upinzani wa upapa dhidi ya ushawishi uliokuwa umeletwa na Mapinduzi ya Ufaransa. Ulielekezwa dhidi ya kile ambacho hatimaye kingejulikana kama Ukomunisti.

Uvukelo lwaseFransi lwazisa ugungqisho kwisakhiwo solawulo lweentlanga zaseYurophu, lunentiyo ekhethekileyo ngakubukumkani obunguBupopu. Yayiluvukelo lwamaRiphabhlikhi aseItali olwathi lwamgxotha okwethutyana uPius IX, kunye nendoda yakhe yasekunene, eRoma. “Ubunamhlanje,” obabumelwe ziifilosofi ezahlukeneyo ezaveliswa luVukelo lwaseFransi, babulutshaba olukhulu lukaPius IX, yaye imfundiso yakhe yokungaphazami yayilungiselelwe ukuxhasa onke amabango awawenza upopu ngokuchasene neengcamango zobunamhlanje ezaveliswa luVukelo lwaseFransi.

Dhanieri chitsauko 11, ndima 40, inoratidza kuti muna 1798, mambo wokumaodzanyemba (France isingatendi kuti kuna Mwari), akapa vanga rinouraya kuna mambo wokuchamhembe (upapa).

Dzidziso yaPius IX yokusakanganisa yakanga yakabatana nehondo inomiririrwa nendima yechina makumi mana yaDanieri gumi nerimwe, uye kubva muchikamu chekupedzisira cha1869 kusvikira pagore rakatevera Pius IX akaunganidza Kanzuru yokutanga yeVatican, inozivikanwa seVatican I, nechinangwa chokusimbisa kuti papa ndiye musoro wechiKaturike, uye kuti chiKaturike ndiwo musoro wemakereke ose, sezvakanga zvaziviswa nechirevo chaJustinian mugore ra533.

Dare reChipiri reVatican, rinozivikanwawo seVatican II, rakaitwa kubva muna 1962 kusvika muna 1965. Raive chiitiko chakakosha zvikuru munhoroondo yeChechi yeKaturike, uye rimwe remakanzuru eecumenical ane kukosha kukuru munguva dzazvino uno. Kanzuru iyi yakaunganidzwa pasi pehutungamiri hwaPapa Johane XXIII, uye yakaenderera mberi munguva yehupapa hwaPapa Pauro VI mushure mekufa kwaJohane XXIII muna 1963. Zvakakosha kuziva musiyano wakajeka uripo pakati pemakanzuru maviri aya.

Sinodi yokutanga yakanga yakarongerwa kusimbisa zvinonzi “ukutanga hwepamusoro” hwapope, zvichireva kuti pope ndiye mutongi mukuru, mudzidzisi mukuru, nomufudzi weChechi, ane basa rokuchengetedza nokududzira dzidziso dzechitendero. Simba rake raiumbwa nokutsanangura dzidziso dzisina kupikiswa, kuburitsa zvirevo zvedzidziso, nokuita zviziviso zvine simba rokupedzisira pamusoro pezvinhu zvokutenda netsika, izvo zvinozivikanwa sokusatadza kwapope. Izvi zvinosanganisirawo masimba apope okutonga pamusoro pechechi yose, kusanganisira simba rokusarudza mabhishopi, kuronga masakaramende, nokutungamirira utongi hwechechi.

Khonsolo ya chipiri yikeneranga kupatukiska mpingo na kuwusendelera kuŵa chinthu cha ecumenical. Makhonsolo agha ghakaŵa mapokera agho ghali kupambana mwakudunjika. Khonsolo yakwamba ya chisungusungu yikakanizgika na khonsolo ya chipiri ya uliberalo. Magulu ghawiri agha ghakaŵa ghakupambana nga usiku na muhanya, ndipo uchimi uwo ukuŵikika ku visisi vitatu vya Fatima ukulongora nkhondo ya mkati iyo yikuyimiririka makora na makhonsolo ghawiri agha.

Uprofita hunotara boka revanobatisisa ukuru hunomiririrwa na Pius IX sechinomiririrwa nezvinonzi “papa muchena,” “papa akanaka,” kana kuti “bhishopi akanaka”; uye rimwe boka, rine chokuita neVatican II, rinomiririrwa ne“papa mutema,” kana kuti “papa akaipa,” kana kuti “bhishopi akaipa.” Kupokana kwemifungo miviri yezvematongerwo enyika kunomiririrwa paunoshanyira nzvimbo tsvene yechishamiso cheFatima, muFatima, Portugal. Pakupinda, nzira yokufamba yakaiswa pakati pechifananidzo chapapa mutema kune rimwe divi, nepapa muchena kune rimwe divi.

Naizvozvo zvinova chikamu chenhaka yomunhu uyo aizozopedzisira ava izvo zvinotsanangurwa nebhuku semupapa waHitler, kuti midzi yake yakasungwa zvakasimba mukurwisana pakati pechimodhanizimu (mambo wokumaodzanyemba) nehutungamiri hwepamusoro hwapapa (mambo wokuchamhembe).

Zvinosungirwa kunzwisiswa kuti munyori webhuku ratiri kutarisa akanga ari muKaturike ane chimiro chakanaka, uye chinangwa chake chakataurwa pakunyora bhuku iri chaiva chokujekesa pamusoro pekupomerwa kuti papa akatonga munguva yeHondo Yenyika yeChipiri akanga akatsigira Hitler, maNazi, kana kuti akanga ane mhosva ipi neipi mukuparadzwa kwevaJudha navamwe. Cornwell paanotaura pamusoro pasekuru vaPius XII, uyo akanga ari ruoko rwerudyi rwakaronga Dare reVatican I, nhoroondo yekurwisana pakati pamadzimambo okumaodzanyemba nookumaodzanyemba iri kuratidzwa muchiitiko ichocho chenhoroondo. Apo chimurenga che“Republicanism” chakasvika kuItari, kweinenge gore rimwe chete, vaItari vakadzinga Pius IX kubva muguta reRoma, uye kubvira ipapo zvichienda mberi, kunyange mushure mokunge adzoka, zvose zvambova zvepapacy zvakaramba zvava maeka zana negumi chete, anozivikanwa seVatican City.

Nzira chete yaakakwanisa nayo kunyange kudzokera kuVatican yaiva nerubatsiro rwemauto eFrance, pamwe nechikwereti chakabva kuvaRothschild, mabhanga echiJudha ane mukurumbira wakashata. Kuti munhu anyatsonzwisisa noungwaru kubatana kwakaitwa napapa muHolocaust munguva yeHondo Yenyika II, zvinoda kunzwisisa kwekutanga mamiriro emafungiro eEurope pamusoro pevaJudha kubvira pakurovererwa kwaKristu pamuchinjikwa. Bhuku racho rinoratidza kuti antisemitism nerusaruraganda zvinhu zviviri zvakasiyana zvemafungiro, richiti ruvengo rwaHitler kuvaJudha rwaiva rwerusaruraganda, nokuti Hitler aiona vaJudha sechikamu chakaderera chevanhu, asi antisemitism yaiva ruvengo rwevaJudha nokuda kwokuti vakauraya Mwari. Kunyange hazvo zvinhu izvi zvingava chinhu chimwe chete, kana kuti paine mutsauko chaiwo pakati pazvo, chokwadi chenhando yokutambudzika kwevaJudha chakafanira kunzwisiswa.

Nga xikombiso, eAmerika namuntlha loko ku tirhisiwa rito leri nge “ghetto,” vo tala va ehleketa leswaku i nhlamuselo ya xiphemu xa doroba lexi nga xisiwana ni lexi onhakeke. Kambe rito leri nge “ghetto,” eku sunguleni a ri vula xiphemu xa muti, ngopfu-ngopfu eVenice, eItaly, laha Vayuda a va sindzisiwa ku tshama kona hi nkarhi wa Middle Ages. Ghetto ro sungula ri simekiwe eVenice hi 1516, loko Riphabliki ya Venice yi pfalela Vayuda endhawini leyi vekiweke ya muti leyi a yi tiviwa tanihi “geto nuovo” (new foundry), leyi eku heteleleni yi nga vuriwa ghetto.

MuEurope mukati meNguva dzePakati, vaJudha vairambidzwa panyaya yokuti vaigona kugara kupi, uyewo pamabasa avaitenderwa kuita. Zvirambidzo izvi zvakanga zvakavakirwa patsananguro yekare yeantisemitism, yaireva chitendero chokuti vaJudha vakanga vauraya Mwari, uye kuti matambudziko avo ose akazotevera akanga azviunzira ivo pachavo kubudikidza nezviito zvavo.

MuNguva dzeMiddle Ages, waive mutsika yakasimbiswa kuti vaKristu vaisabvumidzwa kukweretesa mari kana kugamuchira mhindu pachikwereti. VaJudha vakanga vasingasungwi nechirambidzo ichocho, uye kukweretesa mari kwakava rimwe remabasa avakatenderwa kuita. Vabhengi vechiJudha, vakadai semhuri yaRothschild, vakava vachinjanisi vemari nokuda kwezvirambidzo zvemutemo pamusoro pemabasa avakatenderwa kuita. Pius IX paakada mari yokudzokera kuVatican, kushushikana kwake nokusazotongazve guta reRoma kwakawedzerwa nokuda kwokumanikidzwa kwake kutendeukira kuvaJudha kuti awane mari.

Asati adzingwa kubva muRoma, Pius IX aionekwa sokunge ari mune rimwe remapoka maviri pamusoro pavaJudha noukama hweChechi navaJudha. Mapoka acho aiva evaya vaitenda kuti vaJudha, zvisinei nokuti chii chinoitika kwavari, vari kungogamuchira zvavakafanirwa, uye rimwe boka raiva nerutsitsi ruduku kuna vaJudha. Pius IX paakadzokera kuVatican, mushure mokunge adzingwa, tsitsi dzaakanga dzimwe nguva aratidza asati aenda muutapwa hadzina kuzomboratidzwazve. Asati aenda muutapwa akanga avhara ghetto muguta reRoma, uye mushure mokudzoka kwake akaimisazve ghetto, akatanga zvakare mutero pamusoro pavaJudha kuti aunganidzezve kurasikirwa kwake kwemari.

Munhu wakarudyi waPope Pius IX aiva Marcantonio Pacelli, sekuru vaPope waHitler. Aiva gweta raiva rerimwe boka rakasarudzika remagweta aitsigira hupapa. Mwanakomana wake akazova chikamu cheboka rimwe chetero remagweta aya epamusoro, saizvozvowo nemuzukuru wake, uyo pakupedzisira akazova Pope waHitler. Mushure mokunge bhuku raratidza nhoroondo yasekuru vaEugenio Pacelli, yababa vake, pamwe chete nehudiki hwake nedzidzo yake, rinobata chinzvimbo chakatorwa naPacelli paakatanga basa rake rehupapa. Sezvo aiva gweta, achibva mumutsara wemagweta epamusoro ehupapa, akasarudzwa kuti atungamirire dhipatimendi raishanda zvikuru nezvibvumirano, zvinonzi makonkodati. Muna 1901 Pacelli akaunzwa muhofisi yePapal Secretariat of State.

Pacelli akava nhume kumarudzi. Muprofita, Pacelli akava nzvimbo yepamutemo yokubatana yakapedzisa upombwe hwamadzimambo enyika nepapa. Muna 1903, Pius X akagadzwa korona sapapa. Pakarepo akatanga kurwisa “uturu hwepfungwa” hwaibereka “relativism uye kusava nechokwadi.” Murume aitungamirira kuedza kwaPius X kupedza “modernism” aiva Umberto Benigni, uyo aishanda muhofisi imwe chete naPacelli. Benigni akambotaura pamusoro peboka revanyori venhoroondo vane mukurumbira wenyika yose, kuti vaiva varume avo kwavari, “nhoroondo hachisi chinhu kunze kwokungova kuedza kunoramba kuripo, kunorwadza, kwokurutsa. Kune rudzi urwu rwomunhu kune mushonga mumwe chete: dare reInquisition!” Kuna Benigni, munyori wenhoroondo aipfekedza tsitsi chero dzipi zvadzo pfungwa dzakabva muFrench Revolution aifanira kuurayiwa.

Pamutemo, Benigni ndiye aitungamirira ushumiri hwekuparadzira mashoko wepapa, asi zvisiri pamutemo aitungamirirawo dandemutande repachivande revatsori, rakagadzirirwa kuzivisa maKaturike ose aiva nekunzwira tsitsi kupi nokupi ku“modernism,” kwakanga kwabva kuna mambo wokumaodzanyemba. Pakupedzisira, muna 1910, basa rake rakabudisa chirevo chakamanikidza vashandi vepapa kupika mhiko, yainzi Mhiko Yokurwisa Modernism. Ichiri kushanda nanhasi. Kuti munhu ashande paVatican anofanira kupika kuti anovenga pfungwa dzevamodernist, idzo nhasi dzatingati pfungwa dzechiKomonisiti.

Mu muṅkho wa buku la Cronwell, pa pepala la mkati pa lemba kuti, “Mu vyaka khumi vyakwamba vya m'ma century, nga ni loya wachinyamata waluso wa Vatican, Pacelli wakawovwira kupanga fundo ya mazaza gha papa agho ghakaŵavya kufanizgika; mu ma 1920, wakagwiliskira ntchito uchenjezi na kuŵazga kuti waŵike mazaza mu Germany. Mu 1933, Hitler wakaŵa mubwezi wake wakwenelera chomene pa kukambilana, ndipo pangano likakhazikiskika ilo likapeleka ku Mpingo wa Katolika vyawanangwa vya chisopa na vya masambiro, mwakusintha kuti ŵaKatolika ŵafumeko ku milimo ya vya umoyo wa ŵanthu na ya ndyali. Kuleka uku kwa ‘mwakujipereka’ kwa ukatolika wa ndyali, uko kukapelekeka kufuma ku Rome, kukawovwira kukwera kwa Nazi.”

Musangano wedare remakurukota waJuly 14, 1933, Adolph Hitler akataura maonero ake mwedzi iwoyo chaiwo kuti konkodhati yakagadzirwa naPacelli pamwe chete nevaNazi yakapa Germany yakanga “yaumba nzvimbo yokuvimbika…. Muhondo yaikura yokurwisa vaJudha vepasi rose.”

Bhuku raCornwell harina kugamuchirwa zvakanaka nemaKaturike avo vakaramba kubvuma humbowo hwokuti Pacelli ndiye akanga ari chikonzero chikuru chakaita kuti Hitler akwanise kukwira pasimba, nokuti Germany yaiva nyika yaiva neruzhinji rwemaKaturike. Pacelli akanga aita chibvumirano chakadzivisa imba yokutsikisa yeKaturike, masangano enhau eKaturike, nezvikoro zveKaturike kutaura chinhu chipi nechipi pamusoro penzira yakanga ichitorwa naHitler kubva muna 1933 zvichienda mberi. Bhuku iri rinotevera pachena kurerekera kwaPacelli kuvenga vaJudha, uyo akazozova papa panguva yeHondo Yenyika II. Zvinhu zvinenge zvitatu zvingasimbiswa kubva mubhuku iri pachishandiswa manyuko enhoroondo anovimbika zvikuru.

La ya sungula i nyimpi exikarhi ka hosi ya le n’walungu ni hosi ya le dzongeni, hilaha swi kombisiweke hakona eka Daniele ndzima ya khume na yin’we. Eka nyimpi yoleyo, valala i Vukhatoliki ku lwa ni ku landzula Xikwembu, mupapa ku lwa ni Vukhomunisi. Nhlamuselo yin’wana i leswaku mupapa u tirhise Vunazi tanihi mavuthu ya yena yo yimela ku lwa ni ku landzula Xikwembu hi nkarhi wa Nyimpi ya Vumbirhi ya Misava, tanihi hilaha mupapa a tirhiseke Vupurotestanti lebyi fularheleke ripfumelo hi 1989, tanihi mavuthu ya byona yo yimela ku lwa ni ku landzula Xikwembu ka USSR. Buku leyi yi tlhela yi kombisa xivumbeko xa vuprofeta xa le ndzeni ni xa le handle lexi yimeleriweke hi marungula ya vuSathana lama humeke eka singita ra le Fatima.

Hondo yemuganhu yeRafiya, inomiririrwa mundima gumi nerimwe negumi nembiri dzaDanieri gumi nerimwe, inomiririra hondo yemuganhu iri kuitika zvino muUkraine. Hondo yekare yakanga iri hondo inopisa; yechipiri ndiyo hondo yechipiri yekushandiswa kwevamiriri, mauto evamiriri acho achibatanidzwa mukuurayana. Rafiya inoratidza hondo yemuganhu seiri pakati pamambo wokumusoro namambo wokumaodzanyemba, asi uporofita hunodzidzisa kuti kusvikira pamurayiro weSvondo uri kuuya nokukurumidza, chifeve cheTire chakanganwikwa, Jezebheri ari muSamaria, uye Herodhiasi akapotsa mabiko ezuva rokuberekwa kwaHerodhi. Zvapupu zvitatu izvozvo zvomugove wamambo wokumusoro munhoroondo ino yazvino ndezvokuti iye ari seri kwezviitiko achidhonza tambo. Hondo dzinopisa, hondo dzevamiriri, nehondo dzinotonhora dzinoitika apo iye akanganwikwa, dzinoitwa kubudikidza nemauto ake evamiriri.

ரஷ்யா தெற்கின் ராஜாவாகும்; அது இப்போது மேற்கு உலகின் உலகமயவாதிகளால்—முக்கியமாக ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்காவில் உள்ள முன்னேற்றவாத டெமோக்ராட்களாலும் பெயரளவில் மட்டுமே குடியரசுக் கட்சியினராக உள்ள RINO (Republican In Name Only) குடியரசுக் கட்சியினராலும்—நிதியளிக்கப்படும் ஒரு எல்லைப்புறப் போரில் ஈடுபட்டுள்ளது. தானியேல் பதினொன்றாம் அதிகாரம் நாற்பதாம் வசனத்தில் ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்கா வடக்கின் ராஜாவின் பிரதிநிதி இராணுவமாகச் சித்தரிக்கப்படும்போது, அதற்குரிய இரண்டு தீர்க்கதரிசனச் சிறப்பியல்புகள் இராணுவ வல்லமையும் நிதி வல்லமையும் ஆகும். 1989 இல் செய்த அதே செயலையே ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்கா உக்ரைனில் இப்போது செய்து வருகிறது; அதாவது, ரஷ்யாவுக்கு விரோதமாக போப்புக்கு உதவி செய்து வருகிறது. மேலும், உக்ரைனைப் பாதுகாத்து தரையில் செயல்படும் அந்த பிரதிநிதி இராணுவம் நாசி ஆதரவாளர்களால் அளவுக்கு மீறி நிரம்பியிருக்கின்றது; இதனைப் பிரதானச் செய்தி ஊடகங்களுக்குக் கூட மறுக்க முடியவில்லை. இரண்டாம் உலகப்போரெனப்பட்ட தீவிரப் போரிலும், 1989 இலும், ரஷ்யாவுக்கு எதிராகப் பயன்படுத்திய அதே பிரதிநிதி இராணுவங்களையே ரோம் இப்போது பயன்படுத்தி வருகிறது. இந்தப் புத்தகத்தை வாசியுங்கள்: Hitler’s Pope, the Secret History of Pius XII.

Tichaenderera mberi nechidzidzo ichi munyaya inotevera.