Lembali Lufihlakele Lomusho Wamane—Inombolo Yamashumi Lamatsatfu

Mubhuku raEzekieri, “kukombwa” kweJerusarema ndiko “chiratidzo” chiri muedzo uchashandiswa kusarudza magumo edu okusaguma, nokuti kunoratidza kuumbwa kwemufananidzo wechikara.

VaKristu vakatiza Jerusalema pa ‘chiratidzo’ chaKesitiasi, vakaita saizvozvo nokuti vakanga vayambirwa kare uye vakaziva ‘chiratidzo’ ichocho pachakasvika. Kuziva kuumbwa kwemufananidzo wechikara ndiko kuziva “zviitiko,” “gadziriro,” uye “mafambiro” zvinotungamirira kumurayiro weSvondo. Zvinhu zvechiporofita zvinoumba ‘chiratidzo’ zvinofanira kunzwisiswa mberi kwekunge chiratidzo chacho chauya. Kesitiasi paakatanga kukomba, zvakanga zvatononoka kudzidza kuti chiratidzo chaiva chii.

“तयारीहरू,” “गतिविधिहरू” र “घटनाहरू” परीक्षाभन्दा अघि नै पहिचान गरिनुपर्छ।

Kufanele “sazi” “izehlakalo ezinkulu nezinesizotha njengoba simi kanye embundwini wokugcwaliseka kwazo.” Umbundu ukhomba isidingo sethu sokuqonda lezi zehlakalo ngaphambi kokugcwaliseka kwazo.

Kuumbwa kwa sanamu ya mnyama kunakamilishwa kwanza katika Marekani, na baadaye katika ulimwengu mzima.

Chirevo cheMilan cha313 chinomiririra kutanga kwekuumbwa, uyezve chinoratidzawo suo rakavharwa kuvaSeventh-day Adventist. Constantine wokumadokero naLicinius wokumabvazuva vakabatanidza muchato wechibvumirano kuChirevo ichi, apo Constantine akapa hanzvadzi yake yomubaba mumwe, Constantia, kunaLicinius, mumuchato wechina wechibvumirano unomiririrwa mumutsara wechiporofita wemichato mitanhatu yezvibvumirano mukati menhoroondo yechiporofita yaDanieri 11. Miviri yokutanga yakanga yakabatanidzwa nehondo pakati pokumusoro nokumaodzanyemba, miviri yakatevera yakanga iri hondo dzomunyika imwe pakati pokumabvazuva nokumadokero, uye miviri yokupedzisira michato yokufananidzira yesimba rechechi yeupapa nesimba rehurumende.

Antiyoku II Theos akamurasa mudzimai wake Laodice I ili amwoe binti wa kifalme wa Kiptolemaio, Berenike (binti wa Ptolemaio II), mnamo mwaka wa 252 KK. Ndoa za mkataba za Dola ya Seleukia zilifanywa kati ya mfalme wa kaskazini na mfalme wa kusini, ilhali ndoa ya mkataba ya mwaka 313 ilikuwa kati ya mfalme wa mashariki na mfalme wa magharibi.

Mu252 BC, muchato wechibvumirano waAntiochus II Theos wakaratidza kutanga kweUmambo hweSeleucid hwakasvika kumagumo aro seumambo munhoroondo inomiririrwa mundima gumi kusvika gumi nenhanhatu dzaDanieri gumi nerimwe. Munhoroondo yekupedzisira yeumambo hweSeleucid, mumwe muchato wechibvumirano wakaitwazve naAntiochus III Mukuru, paakapa mwanasikana wake Cleopatra I Syra, (Cleopatra chaiye wokutanga munhoroondo yechiprofita) kuna Ptolemy V muna 193 BC. Panguva iyoyo Ptolemy V akanga ava nemakore anenge 16, uye Cleopatra I Syra anenge 10 emakore. Muchato wavo wakanga uri gadziriro yedzidziso dzezvematongerwo enyika yakatevera hondo yechishanu yeSyria. Muchato wechibvumirano wekutanga pakati pamambo wokumusoro namambo wokumaodzanyemba muna Danieri gumi nerimwe wakanga waratidza kuguma kwehondo yechipiri yeSyria.

Kleopatra yekupedzisira wenhoroondo yechiporofita akava noukama naJulius Caesar, uye pashure pacho naMark Antony. Mushure mekupondwa kwaJulius Caesar muna 44 BC, Triumvirate yechipiri yakaumbwa muna 43 BC. Varume vatatu ndivo vaiumba triumvirate iyoyo, uye mushure mokunge mumwe wevatatu ivavo, Marcus Lepidus, adzingwa kunze kwemubatanidzwa wevatatu naOctavian, kwakatevera kurwira masimba pakati paMark Antony wokumabvazuva naOctavian wokumadokero. PaBrundisium, muna 40 BC, chibvumirano pakati pevaikwikwidzana vaviri vokumabvazuva nokumadokero chakaitwa. Chibvumirano ichocho chaisanganisira muchato pakati paOctavia, hanzvadzi yaOctavian, naMark Antony. Chibvumirano nomuchato wakachiperekedza hazvina kuramba zviripo, uye mushure mokunge Mark Antony apinda muukama naKleopatra, akaramba Octavia muna 32 BC. Pahondo yeActium muna 31 BC, humambo hwekumabvazuva nehwekumadokero hwakabatanidzwa kuva simba rimwe chete, uye pashure paizvozvo Octavian akava Augustus Caesar, chiratidzo chepamusoro-soro chekubwinya nesimba reRoma.

Mukufananidzira kwechiporofita, muchato wokutanga wesungano waDanieri gumi neimwe wakanga uri pakati pamadzimambo okumusoro nookumaodzanyemba, mukuedza kupedza ruvengo pakati pevarwi vaviri ava vakanga vachirwira kumisazve umambo hwaAlekisandiro Mukuru. Muchato iwoyo wokutanga wesungano pakati pavaSeleucid navaPtolemy veIjipiti wakanga uri muchato wesungano wealpha hwoumambo hwevaSeleucid nehwevaPtolemy, wakanga uchifananidzira muchato wesungano weomega pakati pemasimba iwayo mamwe chetewo. Mumuchato wesungano wokupedzisira, kana kuti weomega, Cleopatra yokutanga chose, kana kuti yealpha, munhoroondo yeIjipiti yakava chisungo chechiporofita chinobatanidza Cleopatra yokupedzisira, kana kuti yeomega; uyo ukama hwake naMako Antoni hwakava nzvimbo yokurevera pakurambana kwaOktavia naMako Antoni. Kurambana uku ndiko kwakaratidza kutangazve kweruvengo pakati paMako Antoni wokumabvazuva naOktaviani wokumadokero, uko kwakaguma pahondo yeActium muna 31 BC.

Marririyano a tsha vhushaka ha Brundisium ha nga ṅwaha wa 40 BC yo vha i alpha ya marririyano dza zwa mulanga kha nndwa ya vhukati ha vhubvaḓuvha na vhukovhela, u fana na uri marririyano ya tsha vhushaka ya Laodice na Antiochus II Theo yo vha i alpha ya nndwa ya vhukati ha devhula na tshipembe. Marririyano ya tsha vhushaka ya 313 yo vha i omega kha alpha marririyano ya tsha mulanga ya Mark Antony na Octavia, u fana na uri marririyano ya tsha vhushaka vhukati ha Ptolemy V na Cleopatra I Syra yo vha i omega marririyano ya tsha mulanga ya mivhuso ya devhula na tshipembe. Marririyano tharu dza tsha mulanga dze dza isa kha omega marririyano ya 313 dzi a tendelana dzoṱhe, nahone dzi ṋea ṱhanzi tharu dza zwibveledzwa zwa vhuporofita zwi elanaho na Edict of Milan. Nga uṱangana, marririyano nṋa dza vhukuma dza tsha mulanga dza vhubvaḓuvha, vhukovhela, devhula na tshipembe dzi tendelana na marririyano mbili dza pfanyisedzo dza vhapapa.

Muna 496, Clovis mambo wevaFranks akanga akaroorana naClotilda. Clotilda akanga ari mwanasikana wamambo weBurgundy, mwanasikana waMambo Chilperic II weBurgundy. Mushure mokunge baba namai vake vaurayiwa mukurwisana kwesimba kwemhuri, akagara achidzivirirwa nasekuru vake kusvikira apiwa muwanano kuna Clovis I, mambo wevaFranks, muna 493. Akanga ari muKaturike, ndiko kuti, aibata kutenda kweNicaea/kwechokwadi kweChechi yeRoma. Izvi zvakamusiyanisa nedzimwe mhuri zhinji dzeumambo dzechiGermanic dzenguva iyoyo, dzaiva maKristu eArius. Mai vake Caretena vakanga vari muKaturike, uye Clotilda akarerwa mukutenda ikoko. Anorangarirwa nokuramba achikurudzira Clovis kuti asiye upagani agamuchire rubhabhatidzo rweKaturike, uye mushure maizvozvo kutendeuka kwake muna 496 ndechimwe chezviitiko zvinokosha zvikuru munhoroondo yokutanga yeFrance neyechinonzi chiKristu cheKumadokero.

ක්ලෝවිස්, ටොල්බියාක් සටන ජය ගන්නේ නම්, ක්ලොටිල්ඩාගේ කතෝලික විශ්වාසයට හැරී බෞතීස්ම වීමට ව්‍රත කළේය. ඇලෙමාන්නි රජු ඝාතනය කරන ලදී, ඔවුන්ගේ හමුදාව බිඳ වැටුණි, හා ෆ්‍රෑන්ක්වරු ජය ගත්හ. ජයග්‍රහණයෙන් පසු, ක්ලොටිල්ඩා විසින් රේම්ස්හි බිෂප් රෙමිජියුස්ට ක්ලෝවිස්ට උපදේශ දෙන ලෙස සංවිධානය කළාය; එවිට ඔහු, තම යෝධයන්ගේ දහස් ගණනක් සමඟ, බෞතීස්ම කරනු ලැබීය (සම්ප්‍රදායිකව ක්‍රිස්තුස් උපන් දින 496 දිනදී).

ક્લોવિસ ફ્રાંકોનો રાજા હતો, જે આધુનિક અર્થમાં ફ્રાન્સનો રાજા કહેવાય. તે યુરોપના રાજાઓમાં એવો પ્રથમ બન્યો જેણે અંતે પોતાના મૂર્તિપૂજક ધર્મનો ત્યાગ કરીને કેથોલિક ધર્મનો સ્વીકાર કર્યો. આ કારણસર, ક્લોવિસને “કેથોલિક ચર્ચનો જ્યેષ્ઠ પુત્ર” માનવામાં આવે છે, અને ફ્રાન્સને “કેથોલિક ચર્ચની જ્યેષ્ઠ પુત્રી” કહેવામાં આવે છે. 1980માં, જ્યારે પોપ જ્હોન પોલ દ્વિતીયે ફ્રાન્સની મુલાકાત લીધી, ત્યારે તેમણે પૂછ્યું, “ફ્રાન્સ, ચર્ચની જ્યેષ્ઠ પુત્રી, શું તું પોતાના બાપ્તિસ્મા પ્રત્યે વિશ્વાસુ છે?”

Kutendeuka kwa Clovis kuingia katika Ukatoliki wa Nikea kunaonyesha mwanzo wa mwandamano wa ndoa ya mfano ambao ungeongoza hadi ndoa ya mfano ya agano ya mwaka 538. Ndoa hiyo ya mfano ya agano kati ya Clovis na yule kahaba afanyaye uasherati pamoja na wafalme wa dunia ilifananishwa na ndoa nne za awali za agano katika Danieli kumi na moja. Clovis alikuwa mfalme wa kwanza wa Ulaya kutoa msaada wa kijeshi na wa kiuchumi kwa kanisa la Roma, na kwa hiyo Clovis anawakilishwa ndani ya historia katika Danieli kumi na moja.

UClovis ngo-496 uphawula ukuqala kwezinhlaka zezombusazwe zaseYurophu “zokuvuka” zisize upapa njengoba lwalukhuphukela emandleni. Lokhu kuphawula ukuqala kodwendwe lomshado olungokomfanekiso. “Izingalo” zaleli vesi nazo ziyakungcolisa “indawo engcwele yamandla,” okuyinto, kokubili eRoma lobuqaba naseRoma lobupapa, eyidolobha laseRoma.

Mubhuku ra Danieri mune mazwi maviri akasiyana echiHebheru anoshandurwa achinzi “nzvimbo tsvene.” Mazwi echiHebheru anoti ‘miqdash’ na ‘qodesh’ ose ari maviri anoshandurwa achinzi “nzvimbo tsvene,” asi qodesh rinogona chete kumirira chinhu chitsvene, nepo miqdash richigona kumirira nzvimbo tsvene kana isiri tsvene—zvichitemerwa nemamiriro ezvakapoteredza.

“nzvimbo tsvene yesimba” iri mundima makumi matatu neimwe inonzi ‘miqdash’ uye inomiririra nzvimbo tsvene yesimba reRoma, iyo kuRoma yechihedheni pamwe neRoma yapapa yaiva guta reRoma. Kubva pahondo yeActium, apo Octavian akabatanidza humambo, Roma yechihedheni yakanga isingakundiki kwemakore mazana matatu nemakumi matanhatu (nguva) mukuzadziswa kwendima makumi maviri neina yaDanieri gumi neimwe.

Nxa Roma ra vahedeni vaibva medzimu dzedzimwe ndudzi kubva muguta reRoma, rakanga risingakundiki; asi Constantino paakatamisa guta guru kuenda kuConstantinople muna 330, “nguva” yendima makumi maviri neina yakazadzikiswa. Pakadzingwa runyanga rwekupedzisira rwezvitatu (maGoth) rwaDanieri 7 kubva muguta, Roma yeupapa yakatora pachigaro nenzira yechiporofita sehumambo hwechishanu hwechiporofita cheBhaibheri muna 538. MaGoth akanga akomba Roma, asi pakupedzisira akadzokera shure, sezvo Belsarius, mukuru wehondo waJustinian, akachengetedza guta. Chechi yeRoma yakazobva yatonga nesimba rose kwemakore ane chiuru nemazana maviri nemakumi matanhatu, kusvikira Napoleon abvisa papa ndokumuisa muutapwa muna 1798.

Roma, “nzvimbo tsvene yesimba,” yakanga “yasvibiswa,” (yasvibiswa, zvichireva kuti ‘yakuvadzwa kana kuparadzwa’), kubudikidza ne“maoko” ehondo yakanga ichienderera mberi ichirwa neguta iro, inomiririrwa zvikurukuru nemabhosvo mana okutanga eZvakazarurwa chitsauko 8.

Kwayambira mu 496 kwenda m’tsogolo, mbiri idzaonetsa mzinda wa Roma ukuipitsidwa pamene unasanduka kuchoka ku mphamvu ndi ulemerero wa ufumu wa Aroma kupita ku mphamvu ndi ulemerero wa ufumu wa Roma Katolika. Mikono imeneyo idzachotsa chipembedzo cha chikunja, choyimiridwa ndi mawu akuti “daily” m’ndimeyo, pamene inalandira chipembedzo cha Nikeya Katolika.

Pa nndwa ya Vouillé, Clovis akakunda ma-Arian Visigoth pasi pa Alaric II ndipo akatora Aquitaine. Pashure pechikundi ichi, muna 508, mambo weKumabvazuva Anastasius I (muConstantinople) akaremekedza Clovis nokuda kwokukunda kwake maVisigoth. Gregory weTours anoti Anastasius akatumira magwaro epamutemo aClovis achimugadza kuva consul. KuTours, muchechi yaSaint Martin, Clovis akapfeka nguo yepepuru nejasi, akaisa korona yediademu pamusoro wake, akatasva akabuda, ndokugovera goridhe nesirivha kuvanhu vazhinji. Gregory anoti kubvira pazuva iroro akarumbidzwa sa consul uye mambo weRoma akaziva kuti Clovis akanga ari mambo wechiKristu ane chiremera zviri pamutemo kumadokero. Akapiwa mubayiro nokuda kwokuputsa ma-Arian Visigoth, avo vaipikiswawo neConstantinople. 508 ndiro gore rakaremekedzwa pachena mambo wechiFrank weKatorike namambo weKumabvazuva—chechi, kukunda, uye kuvimbiswa kwepamutemo kweRoma zviri muchiitiko chimwe chete. 508 ndiro gore umambo hwechiFrank hweKatorike hwakamira sesimba guru reKatorike muGaul pashure pokuputsa ushe hwema-Arian Visigoth. Clovis ndiye mambo mukuru wokutanga wevatorwa akarwira Katorike yeNicaea achipikisa humambo hweArian, uye nokudaro ndiye muenzaniso wokutanga webasa reFrance sa “mwanasikana mukuru weChechi.” Clovis anomirira nguva ya496 kusvikira 508 uye ndiye chiratidzo chealpha chechibvumirano chomuchato chokufananidzira. Makore makumi matatu kubva 508 kusvikira 538 anomiririrwa naJustinian, uyo ari chiratidzo cheomega chemafambiro acho.

Muna 538, “maoko” akaisa simba repapa pachigaro chenyika kwemakore 1260. Ndipo pakazozadzikiswa muchato wechibvumirano wokufananidzira pakupera kwemudungwe wemuchato wakanga watanga muna 496. Muna 1798, muchato wechibvumirano wakanga watanga pakati papapa weRoma naClovis weFrance wakabviswa pachena apo Napoleon weFrance akaramba simba repapa nokuita kuti mukuru wehondo yake atape papa.

Muchato wechibvumirano chepapa une chiratidzo chealpha, wakanga watanga rwendo rwawo rwemuchato muna 496, wakazadziswa pamutemo weSvondo muna 538, uye shure kwaizvozvo wakazobviswa muna 1798, sezvakangoitwawo mimwe yose michato yezvibvumirano iri muna Danieri gumi nerimwe. Zvakazarurwa zvinowedzera pahukama hwemuchato hwepapa pakati pamadzimambo eEurope nemapapa eKaturike, nokuti shato yaZvakazarurwa gumi nembiri ndiSatani pamwe chete nemadzimambo eRoma yechihedheni.

Mu Chivumbulutso Yohane watidziwisa zinthu zitatu zimene mafumu (chinjoka) anapatsa chilombo cha m’nyanja cha Chikatolika.

Muna 496, madzimambo eEurope akatanga kupa chikara cheupapa “simba” racho, sezvinomiririrwa nesimba ravo rehondo nerutsigiro rwavo rwezvehupfumi. Vakanga vatamisa guta guru rehumambo hwavo kuenda kuConstantinople muna 330, vachisiya guta reRoma rava “chigaro” chesimba reupapa. “Maoko” akazobva azivisa kereke yeupapa semusoro wemakereke ose muna 533 nechirevo chaJustinian. Chirevo ichocho chaisanganisirawo kushandiswa kwesimba ravo rehondo kutambudza avo upapa hwainyora sevanyengeri, nokudaro vachiisa “masimba” avo ehurumende mumaoko emapapa.

Umshado womfelandawonye wokuqala phakathi kobupapa namakhosi aseYurophu waqala ngoClovis ngowe-496. Ngowe-508, ubuqaba, obabuyinkolo esemthethweni yombuso, babekelwa eceleni ngenxa yenkolo yobuKatolika baseNicaea. Ngowe-533, uJustinian wamemezela ubupapa njengenhloko yawo wonke amabandla, wanikela negunya elisemthethweni lezihlalo zabo zobukhosi ngamunye ngamunye emandleni obupapa.

Muna 330, guta reRoma rakasiyiwa mumaoko echechi yeRoma, umo maaizogara kusvikira aparadzwa mudziva remoto pakuuya kwechipiri kwaKristu. Muna 538, akagariswazve zviri pamutemo pachigaro cheupapa, nokudaro zvichiratidza nhoroondo kubva muna 330 kusvika muna 538 senguva yechiprofita inotanga nechigaro chealpha uye inoguma nechigaro cheomega. Nguva iyi inomiririra kuguma kwehumambo hwechina hwechiprofita cheBhaibheri (Pergamo) sokuparara kunofambira mberi kunotanga muna 330 uye kunopera muna 538 nokusvika kweTiatira. Roma yokumadokero neRoma yokumabvazuva zvose zvakaramba zvichienderera mukuparara zvishoma nezvishoma kupfuura 538, asi nguva iyi yakatanga nokupiwa kwechigaro, kuchimiririra guta reRoma richipiwa upapa muna 330, kusvikira chigaro chacho chava chisiri choushe pamusoro peguta chete, asi pamusoro pehumambo hunomiririrwa neguta iroro muna 538.

330 kusvika 538 inguva yakatarwa yechiporofita inotsanangura zviratidzo zvisere zvekusimbiswa kwesimba repasipasi. Matanho iwayo masere anodzokororwa mukuporeswa kweronda rinouraya repasipasi panguva yemutemo weSvondo uri kuda kuuya.

Chekutanga pamatanho masere kwaiva kupihwa kweguta reRoma kusimba repapa, uye danho rechisere kwaiva kupihwa kweguta iroro sechigaro cheumambo hwechishanu hwechiprofita cheBhaibheri. Izvi zvinoratidza 538 sechigaro, uye se“danho rechisere, iro riri rematanho manomwe akapfuura.” Danho rokutanga raiva kupihwa kwechigaro uye danho rechisere raiva kupihwa kwechigaro; saka, danho rokutanga muna 330 ndiro arifa uye 538 ndiro omega. Zvigaro zviviri, nyanga nhatu dzakabviswa, chezuva nezuva chakabviswa, kutendeuka kwaClovis uye chirevo chaJustinian zvinoumba matanho masere akazara anoratidza mafambiro emuchato, uye pakupedzisira muchato wacho pachawo.

Muna 1798, France, simba rakanga ramiririra madzimambo gumi eEurope, iro rakaisa upapa pachigaro muna 538, rakabvisa upapa pachigaro ichocho. Muchato wesungano wealpha unomiririrwa munhoroondo ya538 kusvika 1798 unofananidzira muchato wesungano weomega wesimba reupapa pamwe chete nemadzimambo gumi eZvakazarurwa 17. Rwendo rwemuchato kubva muna 496 kusvika muna 538 runofananidzira nhanho sere dzinoenderana nevatungamiri vasere vokupedzisira veUnited States. Clovis neFrance zviratidzo zvemadzimambo gumi eEurope. Zvinomiririra United States iyo ichava mambo mukuru-mukuru wamadzimambo gumi eZvakazarurwa 17 pamutemo weSvondo uri kuuya nokukurumidza.

Muchato mishanu yapfuura yechibvumirano iri muna Danieri gumi neimwe inoenderana nemuchato wechitanhatu nowokupedzisira wechibvumirano wemazuva okupedzisira. Michato yechibvumirano yeArfa neOmega yokumusoro neyokumaodzanyemba inoratidza mwenga anobva kumaodzanyemba seArfa, uye Omega mwenga anobva kuchamhembe. Mumichato yechibvumirano yeRoma yechihedheni, mwenga weArfa aibva kumabvazuva akapiwa kumadokero, uye omega ya313 yakanga iri mwenga aibva kumadokero. Michato mina iyoyo yakabatanidzwa pamwe chete nenzira youporofita naKleopatra wokutanga naKleopatra wokupedzisira. Muchato wechibvumirano wokufananidzira weRoma yapapa wakamirira chikomba samambo mukuru wekubatana kwouporofita kwamadzimambo gumi achibatana nomwenga wavo—mukadzi mutsvuku weRoma. Kurambana kwakaitwa namambo mukuru wamadzi mambo gumi muna 1798.

Isivumelwano somtshato sango-313 simele isivumelwano somtshato sokugqibela samandla opopu ne-United States—ukumkani ophambili phakathi kookumkani abalishumi beSityhilelo seshumi elinesixhenxe; igunya elineempondo ezimbini elifanekiselwa ligunya elineempondo ezimbini laseFransi. Imbali eyaqala ngoClovis ngo-496 yaza ekugqibeleni yakhokelela kummiselo kaJustinian ngo-533 nasekubekweni kukapopu etroneni ngo-538, imele imbali ka-1989 kuse kulo mthetho weCawa.

Tudzaenderera mberi nezvinhu izvi munyaya inotevera.