In the book of Ezekiel, the ‘siege’ of Jerusalem is the ‘sign’ that is the test by which our eternal destiny will be decided, for it marks the formation of the image of the beast.
Mubhuku raEzekieri, “kukombwa” kweJerusarema ndiko “chiratidzo” chiri muedzo uchashandiswa kusarudza magumo edu okusaguma, nokuti kunoratidza kuumbwa kwemufananidzo wechikara.
“The Lord has shown me clearly that the image of the beast will be formed before probation closes; for it is to be the great test for the people of God, by which their eternal destiny will be decided. …
“Jehovha wakandiratidza pachena kuti mufananidzo wechikara uchagadzirwa nguva yokuedzwa isati yavharwa; nokuti ndiwo uchava muyedzo mukuru kuvanhu vaMwari, nawo magumo avo okusingaperi achasarudzwa. …”
“This is the test that the people of God must have before they are sealed. All who proved their loyalty to God by observing His law, and refusing to accept a spurious sabbath, will rank under the banner of the Lord God Jehovah, and will receive the seal of the living God. Those who yield the truth of heavenly origin and accept the Sunday sabbath, will receive the mark of the beast.” Manuscript Releases, volume 15, 15.
“Uku ndiko kuedzwa kunofanira kuva nevanhu vaMwari vasati vaiswa chisimbiso. Vose vakaratidza kuvimbika kwavo kuna Mwari nokuchengeta murayiro Wake, nokuramba kugamuchira sabata yenhema, vachamira pasi pemureza waIshe Mwari Jehovha, uye vachagamuchira chisimbiso chaMwari mupenyu. Avo vanorasa chokwadi chine mavambo okudenga uye vanogamuchira sabata reSvondo, vachagamuchira chiratidzo chechikara.” Manuscript Releases, vhoriyamu 15, 15.
The Christians that fled Jerusalem at the ‘sign’ of Cestius, did so because they had been forewarned and recognized the ‘sign’ when it arrived. Recognizing the formation of the image of the beast is to recognize the “events,” “preparations” and “movements” that lead to the Sunday law. The prophetic elements that make up the ‘sign’ must be understood in advance of the sign. When Cestius began the siege it was too late to learn what the sign was.
VaKristu vakatiza Jerusalema pa ‘chiratidzo’ chaKesitiasi, vakaita saizvozvo nokuti vakanga vayambirwa kare uye vakaziva ‘chiratidzo’ ichocho pachakasvika. Kuziva kuumbwa kwemufananidzo wechikara ndiko kuziva “zviitiko,” “gadziriro,” uye “mafambiro” zvinotungamirira kumurayiro weSvondo. Zvinhu zvechiporofita zvinoumba ‘chiratidzo’ zvinofanira kunzwisiswa mberi kwekunge chiratidzo chacho chauya. Kesitiasi paakatanga kukomba, zvakanga zvatononoka kudzidza kuti chiratidzo chaiva chii.
“Already preparations are advancing, and movements are in progress, which will result in making an image to the beast. Events will be brought about in the earth’s history that will fulfill the predictions of prophecy for these last days.” Review and Herald, April 23, 1889.
“ပြင်ဆင်မှုများသည် ယခုပင် ရှေ့သို့တိုးတက်လျက်ရှိကြပြီး၊ သားရဲ၏ရုပ်တုကို ပြုလုပ်စေမည့် လှုပ်ရှားဆောင်ရွက်မှုများလည်း ဆက်လက်ဖြစ်ပေါ်လျက်ရှိသည်။ ဤနောက်ဆုံးကာလနေ့ရက်များအတွက် ပရောဖက်ပြုချက်၏ ခန့်မှန်းချက်များကို ပြည့်စုံစေမည့် အဖြစ်အပျက်များသည် ကမ္ဘာမြေ၏ သမိုင်းတစ်လျှောက်၌ ဖြစ်ပေါ်လာလိမ့်မည်။” Review and Herald, April 23, 1889.
Preparations, Movements and Events
Ukulungiselela, Ukunyakaza Nezehlakalo
The “preparations,” “movements” and “events” must be recognized in advance of the test.
“तयारीहरू,” “गतिविधिहरू” र “घटनाहरू” परीक्षाभन्दा अघि नै पहिचान गरिनुपर्छ।
“All that God has in prophetic history specified to be fulfilled in the past has been, and all that is yet to come in its order will be. Daniel, God’s prophet, stands in his place. John stands in his place. In the Revelation the Lion of the tribe of Judah has opened to the students of prophecy the book of Daniel, and thus is Daniel standing in his place. He bears his testimony, that which the Lord revealed to him in vision of the great and solemn events which we must know as we stand on the very threshold of their fulfillment.
“සංදේශමය ඉතිහාසය තුළ අතීතයේ ඉටු විය යුතු බවට දෙවියන් විසින් නිශ්චිත කර තිබූ සියල්ල ඉටු වී ඇත; තවද එහි නියමිත පිළිවෙළ අනුව තවම පැමිණීමට ඇති සියල්ල ද ඉටු වනු ඇත. දෙවියන්වහන්සේගේ අනාගතවක්තෘ දානියෙල් තම ස්ථානයෙහි සිටියි. යොහන් තම ස්ථානයෙහි සිටියි. එළිදරව්වේදී යූදා ගෝත්රයේ සිංහයා අනාගතවාණි අධ්යයනය කරන්නන් හට දානියෙල්ගේ පොත විවෘත කර දී ඇත; එබැවින් දානියෙල් තම ස්ථානයෙහි සිටියි. ඔහු තම සාක්ෂිය දරයි—අප ඉටුවීමේ සම්පූර්ණ සීමාව අසලම සිටින බැවින් අප දැන සිටිය යුතු, මහත් හා ගාම්භීර සිදුවීම් පිළිබඳ දර්ශනයකින් ස්වාමීන්වහන්සේ ඔහුට හෙළි කළ දේය.”
“In history and prophecy the Word of God portrays the long continued conflict between truth and error. That conflict is yet in progress. Those things which have been, will be repeated.” Selected Messages, book 2, 109.
“En historia y profecía, la Palabra de Dios presenta el prolongado conflicto entre la verdad y el error. Ese conflicto aún continúa. Las cosas que han sido, volverán a repetirse.” Selected Messages, book 2, 109.
We “must know” “the great and solemn events as we stand on the very threshold of their fulfillment.” The threshold identifies our need to understand the events in advance of their fulfilment.
Kufanele “sazi” “izehlakalo ezinkulu nezinesizotha njengoba simi kanye embundwini wokugcwaliseka kwazo.” Umbundu ukhomba isidingo sethu sokuqonda lezi zehlakalo ngaphambi kokugcwaliseka kwazo.
“But the stern tracings of the prophetic pencil reveal a change in this peaceful scene. The beast with lamb-like horns speaks with the voice of a dragon, and ‘exerciseth all the power of the first beast before him.’ The spirit of persecution manifested by paganism and the papacy is again to be revealed. Prophecy declares that this power will say ‘to them that dwell on the earth, that they should make an image to the beast.’ [Revelation 13:14.] The image is made to the first or leopard-like beast, which is the one brought to view in the third angel’s message. By this first beast is represented the Roman Church, an ecclesiastical body clothed with civil power, having authority to punish all dissenters. The image to the beast represents another religious body clothed with similar power. The formation of this image is the work of that beast whose peaceful rise and mild professions render it so striking a symbol of the United States. Here is to be found an image of the papacy. When the churches of our land, uniting upon such points of faith as are held by them in common, shall influence the State to enforce their decrees and sustain their institutions, then will Protestant America have formed an image of the Roman hierarchy. Then the true church will be assailed by persecution, as were God’s ancient people. Almost every century furnishes examples of what bigotry and malice can do under a plea of serving God by protecting the rights of Church and State. Protestant churches that have followed in the steps of Rome by forming alliance with worldly powers have manifested a similar desire to restrict liberty of conscience. In the seventeenth century thousands of non-conformist ministers suffered under the rule of the Church of England. Persecution always follows religious favoritism on the part of secular governments.” Spirit of Prophecy, volume 4, 277.
“ஆனால் தீர்க்கதரிசனக் கலமால் வரையப்பட்ட கடுமையான கோடுகள், இந்த அமைதியான காட்சியில் ஒரு மாற்றத்தை வெளிப்படுத்துகின்றன. ஆட்டுக்குட்டியைப்போன்ற கொம்புகளையுடைய மிருகம், அஜகரத்தின் சத்தத்தோடு பேசுகிறது; மேலும், ‘தன்முன்னிருந்த முதலாம் மிருகத்தின் சகல அதிகாரத்தையும் நடத்துகிறது.’ புறஜாதித்தனமும் பாப்பரசாட்சியும் வெளிப்படுத்திய துன்புறுத்தும் ஆவி மீண்டும் வெளிப்படப்போகிறது. ‘பூமியில் குடியிருக்கிறவர்களிடம், அவர்கள் மிருகத்திற்கு ஒரு சிலையை உண்டாக்கும்படி சொல்லும்’ என்று தீர்க்கதரிசனம் அறிவிக்கிறது. [வெளிப்படுத்தின விசேஷம் 13:14.] அந்தச் சிலை முதலாம் மிருகத்திற்கே, அதாவது சிறுத்தையைப்போன்ற மிருகத்திற்கே உண்டாக்கப்படுகிறது; இதுவே மூன்றாம் தூதனுடைய செய்தியில் கண்ணுக்குக் கொண்டுவரப்படுகிற ஒன்று. இந்த முதலாம் மிருகம் மூலம், குடியாட்சி அதிகாரத்தால் அணிவிக்கப்பட்டு, எல்லா கருத்து வேறுபாட்டாளர்களையும் தண்டிக்க அதிகாரம் பெற்ற ஒரு சமய அமைப்பாகிய ரோமன் சபை குறிக்கப்படுகிறது. மிருகத்தின் சிலை, இதற்கு ஒத்த அதிகாரத்தால் அணிவிக்கப்பட்ட இன்னொரு சமய அமைப்பைக் குறிக்கிறது. இந்தச் சிலையின் உருவாக்கம், அதன் அமைதியான எழுச்சியும் மென்மையான அறிக்கைகளும் காரணமாக ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகளின் மிகவும் குறிப்பிடத்தக்க அடையாளமாக விளங்கும் அந்த மிருகத்தின் கிரியையாகும். இங்கே பாப்பரசாட்சியின் ஒரு பிரதிமை காணப்படுகிறது. நமது தேசத்தின் சபைகள், தமக்குள் பொதுவாக ஏற்றுக்கொள்ளப்படும் விசுவாசக் குறிப்புகளில் ஒன்றுபட்டு, தங்களுடைய கட்டளைகளை அமல்படுத்தவும் தங்களுடைய அமைப்புகளைத் தாங்கிக்காக்கவும் அரசைத் தாக்கம் செய்யும்போது, அப்பொழுது புரொட்டஸ்டண்ட் அமெரிக்கா ரோமன் மதஅதிகார அமைப்பின் ஒரு சிலையை உருவாக்கியிருக்கும். அப்பொழுது உண்மையான சபை, தேவனுடைய பண்டைய ஜனங்கள் தாக்கப்பட்டதுபோல, துன்புறுத்தலால் தாக்கப்படும். திருச்சபை மற்றும் அரசின் உரிமைகளைப் பாதுகாப்பதன் மூலம் தேவனைச் சேவிக்கிறோம் என்ற போர்வையின் கீழ், குறுகிய மனப்பான்மையும் பகையும் என்ன செய்யக்கூடும் என்பதற்கான உதாரணங்களை கிட்டத்தட்ட ஒவ்வொரு நூற்றாண்டும் வழங்குகிறது. உலகியலான அதிகாரங்களோடு கூட்டுச் சேர்ந்ததன்மூலம் ரோமாவின் அடிச்சுவடுகளைப் பின்பற்றிய புரொட்டஸ்டண்ட் சபைகள், மனச்சாட்சியின் சுதந்திரத்தை ஒடுக்குவதற்கான இதேபோன்ற விருப்பத்தை வெளிப்படுத்தியுள்ளன. பதினேழாம் நூற்றாண்டில், இங்கிலாந்து சபையின் ஆட்சிக்கீழ் ஆயிரக்கணக்கான ஒத்துப்போகாத ஊழியக்காரர்கள் துன்புற்றனர். அரசியல் ஆட்சிகள் சமயப் பாகுபாட்டை ஆதரிக்கும் இடமெல்லாம் துன்புறுத்தல் எப்போதும் பின்தொடர்கிறது.” Spirit of Prophecy, volume 4, 277.
The formation of the image of the beast is accomplished first in the United States, and thereafter in the world.
Kuumbwa kwa sanamu ya mnyama kunakamilishwa kwanza katika Marekani, na baadaye katika ulimwengu mzima.
“Foreign nations will follow the example of the United States. Though she leads out, yet the same crisis will come upon our people in all parts of the world.” Testimonies, volume 6, 395.
“Mataifa ya kigeni yatafuata mfano wa Marekani. Ijapokuwa yeye ndiye anayeongoza, hata hivyo mgogoro huohuo utawajilia watu wetu katika sehemu zote za ulimwengu.” Testimonies, juzuu ya 6, 395.
The Edict of Milan in 313 represents the starting of the formation, and also identifies the closed door for Seventh-day Adventists. Constantine of the west and Licinius of the east attached a treaty marriage to the Edict, when Constantine gave his half-sister Constantia to Licinius in the fourth treaty marriage represented in a prophetic line of the six treaty marriages within the prophetic history of Daniel eleven. The first two were associated with wars between the north and south, the next two were civil wars between east and west and the last two are symbolic marriages of the papal church power and state power.
Chirevo cheMilan cha313 chinomiririra kutanga kwekuumbwa, uyezve chinoratidzawo suo rakavharwa kuvaSeventh-day Adventist. Constantine wokumadokero naLicinius wokumabvazuva vakabatanidza muchato wechibvumirano kuChirevo ichi, apo Constantine akapa hanzvadzi yake yomubaba mumwe, Constantia, kunaLicinius, mumuchato wechina wechibvumirano unomiririrwa mumutsara wechiporofita wemichato mitanhatu yezvibvumirano mukati menhoroondo yechiporofita yaDanieri 11. Miviri yokutanga yakanga yakabatanidzwa nehondo pakati pokumusoro nokumaodzanyemba, miviri yakatevera yakanga iri hondo dzomunyika imwe pakati pokumabvazuva nokumadokero, uye miviri yokupedzisira michato yokufananidzira yesimba rechechi yeupapa nesimba rehurumende.
Antiochus II Theos set aside his wife Laodice I to marry the Ptolemaic princess Berenice (daughter of Ptolemy II) around 252 BC. The treaty marriages of the Seleucid Empire were accomplished between the king of the north and the king of the south, whereas; the treaty marriage of 313 was between the emperor of the east and the emperor of the west.
Antiyoku II Theos akamurasa mudzimai wake Laodice I ili amwoe binti wa kifalme wa Kiptolemaio, Berenike (binti wa Ptolemaio II), mnamo mwaka wa 252 KK. Ndoa za mkataba za Dola ya Seleukia zilifanywa kati ya mfalme wa kaskazini na mfalme wa kusini, ilhali ndoa ya mkataba ya mwaka 313 ilikuwa kati ya mfalme wa mashariki na mfalme wa magharibi.
The treaty marriage of Antiochus II Theos in 252 BC, represented the beginning of the Seleucid Empire that reached its conclusion as an empire in the history represented in verses ten through sixteen of Daniel eleven. In the final history of the Seleucid empire another treaty marriage was accomplished by Antiochus III the Great, when he gave his daughter Cleopatra I Syra, (the very first Cleopatra of prophetic history) to Ptolemy V in 193 BC. At the time Ptolemy V was about 16 and Cleopatra I Syra about 10 years old. Their marriage was a diplomatic settlement after the fifth Syrian war. The alpha treaty marriage between the king of the north and south in Daniel eleven had marked the end of the second Syrian war.
Mu252 BC, muchato wechibvumirano waAntiochus II Theos wakaratidza kutanga kweUmambo hweSeleucid hwakasvika kumagumo aro seumambo munhoroondo inomiririrwa mundima gumi kusvika gumi nenhanhatu dzaDanieri gumi nerimwe. Munhoroondo yekupedzisira yeumambo hweSeleucid, mumwe muchato wechibvumirano wakaitwazve naAntiochus III Mukuru, paakapa mwanasikana wake Cleopatra I Syra, (Cleopatra chaiye wokutanga munhoroondo yechiprofita) kuna Ptolemy V muna 193 BC. Panguva iyoyo Ptolemy V akanga ava nemakore anenge 16, uye Cleopatra I Syra anenge 10 emakore. Muchato wavo wakanga uri gadziriro yedzidziso dzezvematongerwo enyika yakatevera hondo yechishanu yeSyria. Muchato wechibvumirano wekutanga pakati pamambo wokumusoro namambo wokumaodzanyemba muna Danieri gumi nerimwe wakanga waratidza kuguma kwehondo yechipiri yeSyria.
The last Cleopatra of prophetic history interacted with both Julius Caesar and thereafter with Mark Antony. After the assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 BC the second Triumvirate was formed in 43 BC. Three men made up the triumvirate and after one of those three, Marcus Lepidus was forced out of the threefold union by Octavian, a power struggle between Mark Antony of the east and Octavian of the west ensued. At Brundisium, in 40 BC a treaty between the two eastern and western rivals was made. The treaty included the marriage between Octavian’s sister Octavia and Mark Antony. The treaty and accompanying marriage did not hold, and after Mark Antony became involved with Cleopatra, he divorced Octavia in 32 BC. At the battle of Actium in 31 BC, the empires of east and west were consolidated into one power, and Octavian thereafter became Augustus Caesar, the symbol of the height of Roman glory and power.
Kleopatra yekupedzisira wenhoroondo yechiporofita akava noukama naJulius Caesar, uye pashure pacho naMark Antony. Mushure mekupondwa kwaJulius Caesar muna 44 BC, Triumvirate yechipiri yakaumbwa muna 43 BC. Varume vatatu ndivo vaiumba triumvirate iyoyo, uye mushure mokunge mumwe wevatatu ivavo, Marcus Lepidus, adzingwa kunze kwemubatanidzwa wevatatu naOctavian, kwakatevera kurwira masimba pakati paMark Antony wokumabvazuva naOctavian wokumadokero. PaBrundisium, muna 40 BC, chibvumirano pakati pevaikwikwidzana vaviri vokumabvazuva nokumadokero chakaitwa. Chibvumirano ichocho chaisanganisira muchato pakati paOctavia, hanzvadzi yaOctavian, naMark Antony. Chibvumirano nomuchato wakachiperekedza hazvina kuramba zviripo, uye mushure mokunge Mark Antony apinda muukama naKleopatra, akaramba Octavia muna 32 BC. Pahondo yeActium muna 31 BC, humambo hwekumabvazuva nehwekumadokero hwakabatanidzwa kuva simba rimwe chete, uye pashure paizvozvo Octavian akava Augustus Caesar, chiratidzo chepamusoro-soro chekubwinya nesimba reRoma.
Prophetically the first treaty marriage of Daniel eleven was between the kings of the north and south in an attempt to end hostilities between the two combatants who were struggling to re-establish the empire of Alexander the Great. That first treaty marriage between the Seleucids and the Ptolemy’s of Egypt was the alpha treaty marriage of the Seleucid and Ptolemaic kingdoms, which typified the omega treaty marriage between the same two powers. In the last or omega treaty marriage, the very first or alpha Cleopatra of Egyptian history became the prophetic link to the last, or omega Cleopatra; whose relationship with Mark Antony became the point of reference for the divorce of Octavia and Mark Antony. The divorce marked the renewed hostilities between Mark Antony of the east and Octavian of the west which ended at the battle of Actium in 31 BC.
Mukufananidzira kwechiporofita, muchato wokutanga wesungano waDanieri gumi neimwe wakanga uri pakati pamadzimambo okumusoro nookumaodzanyemba, mukuedza kupedza ruvengo pakati pevarwi vaviri ava vakanga vachirwira kumisazve umambo hwaAlekisandiro Mukuru. Muchato iwoyo wokutanga wesungano pakati pavaSeleucid navaPtolemy veIjipiti wakanga uri muchato wesungano wealpha hwoumambo hwevaSeleucid nehwevaPtolemy, wakanga uchifananidzira muchato wesungano weomega pakati pemasimba iwayo mamwe chetewo. Mumuchato wesungano wokupedzisira, kana kuti weomega, Cleopatra yokutanga chose, kana kuti yealpha, munhoroondo yeIjipiti yakava chisungo chechiporofita chinobatanidza Cleopatra yokupedzisira, kana kuti yeomega; uyo ukama hwake naMako Antoni hwakava nzvimbo yokurevera pakurambana kwaOktavia naMako Antoni. Kurambana uku ndiko kwakaratidza kutangazve kweruvengo pakati paMako Antoni wokumabvazuva naOktaviani wokumadokero, uko kwakaguma pahondo yeActium muna 31 BC.
The treaty marriage of Brundisium in 40 BC was the alpha treaty marriage of the struggle between east and west, just as the treaty marriage of Laodice and Antiochus II Theo was the alpha of the struggle between north and south. The treaty marriage of 313 was the omega to the alpha treaty marriage of Mark Antony and Octavia, just as the treaty marriage between Ptolemy V and Cleopatra I Syra was the omega treaty marriage of the northern and southern kingdoms. The three treaty marriages that led to the omega treaty marriage of 313 all align, and provide three witnesses to the prophetic characteristics associated with the Edict of Milan. Together the four literal treaty marriages of east, west, north and south align with the two symbolic treaty marriages of the papacy.
Marririyano a tsha vhushaka ha Brundisium ha nga ṅwaha wa 40 BC yo vha i alpha ya marririyano dza zwa mulanga kha nndwa ya vhukati ha vhubvaḓuvha na vhukovhela, u fana na uri marririyano ya tsha vhushaka ya Laodice na Antiochus II Theo yo vha i alpha ya nndwa ya vhukati ha devhula na tshipembe. Marririyano ya tsha vhushaka ya 313 yo vha i omega kha alpha marririyano ya tsha mulanga ya Mark Antony na Octavia, u fana na uri marririyano ya tsha vhushaka vhukati ha Ptolemy V na Cleopatra I Syra yo vha i omega marririyano ya tsha mulanga ya mivhuso ya devhula na tshipembe. Marririyano tharu dza tsha mulanga dze dza isa kha omega marririyano ya 313 dzi a tendelana dzoṱhe, nahone dzi ṋea ṱhanzi tharu dza zwibveledzwa zwa vhuporofita zwi elanaho na Edict of Milan. Nga uṱangana, marririyano nṋa dza vhukuma dza tsha mulanga dza vhubvaḓuvha, vhukovhela, devhula na tshipembe dzi tendelana na marririyano mbili dza pfanyisedzo dza vhapapa.
In 496, Clovis the king of the Franks was married to Clotilda. Clotilda was a Burgundian princess, the daughter of King Chilperic II of Burgundy. After her father and mother were murdered in a family power struggle, she lived under the protection of her uncle before being given in marriage to Clovis I, king of the Franks, in 493. She was a Catholic, that is, she held the Nicene/orthodox faith of the Roman Church. This set her apart from many other Germanic royal families of the time, who were Arian Christians. Her mother Caretena had been Catholic, and Clotilda was raised in that faith. She is remembered for persistently urging Clovis to abandon paganism and accept Catholic baptism, and thereafter his conversion in 496 is one of the most important events in the early history of France and of Western so-called Christianity.
Muna 496, Clovis mambo wevaFranks akanga akaroorana naClotilda. Clotilda akanga ari mwanasikana wamambo weBurgundy, mwanasikana waMambo Chilperic II weBurgundy. Mushure mokunge baba namai vake vaurayiwa mukurwisana kwesimba kwemhuri, akagara achidzivirirwa nasekuru vake kusvikira apiwa muwanano kuna Clovis I, mambo wevaFranks, muna 493. Akanga ari muKaturike, ndiko kuti, aibata kutenda kweNicaea/kwechokwadi kweChechi yeRoma. Izvi zvakamusiyanisa nedzimwe mhuri zhinji dzeumambo dzechiGermanic dzenguva iyoyo, dzaiva maKristu eArius. Mai vake Caretena vakanga vari muKaturike, uye Clotilda akarerwa mukutenda ikoko. Anorangarirwa nokuramba achikurudzira Clovis kuti asiye upagani agamuchire rubhabhatidzo rweKaturike, uye mushure maizvozvo kutendeuka kwake muna 496 ndechimwe chezviitiko zvinokosha zvikuru munhoroondo yokutanga yeFrance neyechinonzi chiKristu cheKumadokero.
Clovis vowed that if he won the battle of Tolbiac he would convert to Clotilda’s Catholic faith and be baptized. The Alemanni king was killed, their army broke, and the Franks won. After the victory Clotilda arranged for Bishop Remigius of Reims to instruct Clovis, and he was baptized (traditionally on Christmas Day 496), along with several thousand of his warriors.
ක්ලෝවිස්, ටොල්බියාක් සටන ජය ගන්නේ නම්, ක්ලොටිල්ඩාගේ කතෝලික විශ්වාසයට හැරී බෞතීස්ම වීමට ව්රත කළේය. ඇලෙමාන්නි රජු ඝාතනය කරන ලදී, ඔවුන්ගේ හමුදාව බිඳ වැටුණි, හා ෆ්රෑන්ක්වරු ජය ගත්හ. ජයග්රහණයෙන් පසු, ක්ලොටිල්ඩා විසින් රේම්ස්හි බිෂප් රෙමිජියුස්ට ක්ලෝවිස්ට උපදේශ දෙන ලෙස සංවිධානය කළාය; එවිට ඔහු, තම යෝධයන්ගේ දහස් ගණනක් සමඟ, බෞතීස්ම කරනු ලැබීය (සම්ප්රදායිකව ක්රිස්තුස් උපන් දින 496 දිනදී).
Clovis was the king of the Franks, which in modern terms is the king of France. He became the first of the kings of Europe who would ultimately surrender their pagan religion and turn to Catholicism. For this reason, Clovis is considered the “eldest son of the Catholic church,” and France is called, “the eldest daughter of the Catholic church.” In 1980, when pope John Paul II visited France he asked, “France, eldest daughter of the Church, are you faithful to your baptism?”
ક્લોવિસ ફ્રાંકોનો રાજા હતો, જે આધુનિક અર્થમાં ફ્રાન્સનો રાજા કહેવાય. તે યુરોપના રાજાઓમાં એવો પ્રથમ બન્યો જેણે અંતે પોતાના મૂર્તિપૂજક ધર્મનો ત્યાગ કરીને કેથોલિક ધર્મનો સ્વીકાર કર્યો. આ કારણસર, ક્લોવિસને “કેથોલિક ચર્ચનો જ્યેષ્ઠ પુત્ર” માનવામાં આવે છે, અને ફ્રાન્સને “કેથોલિક ચર્ચની જ્યેષ્ઠ પુત્રી” કહેવામાં આવે છે. 1980માં, જ્યારે પોપ જ્હોન પોલ દ્વિતીયે ફ્રાન્સની મુલાકાત લીધી, ત્યારે તેમણે પૂછ્યું, “ફ્રાન્સ, ચર્ચની જ્યેષ્ઠ પુત્રી, શું તું પોતાના બાપ્તિસ્મા પ્રત્યે વિશ્વાસુ છે?”
Clovis' conversion to Nicene Catholicism identifies the start of a symbolic marriage procession that would lead to the symbolic treaty marriage of 538. The symbolic treaty marriage between Clovis and the whore who commits fornication with the kings of the earth was typified by the four previous treaty marriages in Daniel eleven. Clovis was the first European king to provide military and economic support for the Roman church and Clovis is therefore represented within the history in Daniel eleven.
Kutendeuka kwa Clovis kuingia katika Ukatoliki wa Nikea kunaonyesha mwanzo wa mwandamano wa ndoa ya mfano ambao ungeongoza hadi ndoa ya mfano ya agano ya mwaka 538. Ndoa hiyo ya mfano ya agano kati ya Clovis na yule kahaba afanyaye uasherati pamoja na wafalme wa dunia ilifananishwa na ndoa nne za awali za agano katika Danieli kumi na moja. Clovis alikuwa mfalme wa kwanza wa Ulaya kutoa msaada wa kijeshi na wa kiuchumi kwa kanisa la Roma, na kwa hiyo Clovis anawakilishwa ndani ya historia katika Danieli kumi na moja.
And arms shall stand on his part, and they shall pollute the sanctuary of strength, and shall take away the daily sacrifice, and they shall place the abomination that maketh desolate. Daniel 11:31.
Na majeshi yatasimama upande wake, nayo yataitia unajisi patakatifu pa nguvu, nayo yataiondoa sadaka ya kila siku, nayo yataweka chukizo lile lifanyalo ukiwa. Danieli 11:31.
Clovis in 496 marks the beginning of the European political structures to “stand up” to aid the papacy as it rose to power. It marks the beginning of a symbolic marriage procession. The “arms” of the verse would also pollute the “sanctuary of strength,” which for both pagan and papal Rome is the city of Rome.
UClovis ngo-496 uphawula ukuqala kwezinhlaka zezombusazwe zaseYurophu “zokuvuka” zisize upapa njengoba lwalukhuphukela emandleni. Lokhu kuphawula ukuqala kodwendwe lomshado olungokomfanekiso. “Izingalo” zaleli vesi nazo ziyakungcolisa “indawo engcwele yamandla,” okuyinto, kokubili eRoma lobuqaba naseRoma lobupapa, eyidolobha laseRoma.
Two Sanctuary's
Nzvimbo Tsvene Mbiri
There are two different Hebrew words in the book of Daniel that are translated as “sanctuary.” The Hebrew words ‘miqdash’ and ‘qodesh’ are both translated as “sanctuary,” but qodesh can only represent a holy entity, whereas miqdash can represent either a holy or unholy sanctuary—as determined by context.
Mubhuku ra Danieri mune mazwi maviri akasiyana echiHebheru anoshandurwa achinzi “nzvimbo tsvene.” Mazwi echiHebheru anoti ‘miqdash’ na ‘qodesh’ ose ari maviri anoshandurwa achinzi “nzvimbo tsvene,” asi qodesh rinogona chete kumirira chinhu chitsvene, nepo miqdash richigona kumirira nzvimbo tsvene kana isiri tsvene—zvichitemerwa nemamiriro ezvakapoteredza.
The “sanctuary of strength” in verse thirty-one is ‘miqdash’ and represents the sanctuary of Rome’s strength, which for both pagan and papal Rome was the city of Rome. From the battle of Actium, when Octavian united the empire, pagan Rome was invincible for three hundred and sixty years (a time) in fulfilment of verse twenty-four of Daniel eleven.
“nzvimbo tsvene yesimba” iri mundima makumi matatu neimwe inonzi ‘miqdash’ uye inomiririra nzvimbo tsvene yesimba reRoma, iyo kuRoma yechihedheni pamwe neRoma yapapa yaiva guta reRoma. Kubva pahondo yeActium, apo Octavian akabatanidza humambo, Roma yechihedheni yakanga isingakundiki kwemakore mazana matatu nemakumi matanhatu (nguva) mukuzadziswa kwendima makumi maviri neina yaDanieri gumi neimwe.
He shall enter peaceably even upon the fattest places of the province; and he shall do that which his fathers have not done, nor his fathers’ fathers; he shall scatter among them the prey, and spoil, and riches: yea, and he shall forecast his devices against the strong holds, even for a time. Daniel 11:24.
Achapinda murunyararo kunyange panzvimbo dzakakora zvikuru dzedunhu; uye achaita zvisina kuitwa namadzibaba ake, kana namadzibaba amadzibaba ake; achavaparadzira pakati pavo zvakapambwa, nezvakatorwa, nefuma; zvirokwazvo, acharonga mano ake kuzorwa nenzvimbo dzakasimba, asi kusvikira panguva yakati. Danieri 11:24.
When pagan Rome ruled from the city of Rome it was invincible, but when Constantine moved the capital to Constantinople in 330, the “time” of verse twenty-four was fulfilled. When the last of the three horns (the Goths) of Daniel seven were driven out of the city, papal Rome prophetically took the throne as the fifth kingdom of Bible prophecy in 538. The Goths had besieged Rome, but ultimately retreated as Belsarius, general for Justinian secured the city. The Roman church then ruled supremely for twelve hundred and sixty years until Napoleon had the pope removed and put in exile in 1798.
Nxa Roma ra vahedeni vaibva medzimu dzedzimwe ndudzi kubva muguta reRoma, rakanga risingakundiki; asi Constantino paakatamisa guta guru kuenda kuConstantinople muna 330, “nguva” yendima makumi maviri neina yakazadzikiswa. Pakadzingwa runyanga rwekupedzisira rwezvitatu (maGoth) rwaDanieri 7 kubva muguta, Roma yeupapa yakatora pachigaro nenzira yechiporofita sehumambo hwechishanu hwechiporofita cheBhaibheri muna 538. MaGoth akanga akomba Roma, asi pakupedzisira akadzokera shure, sezvo Belsarius, mukuru wehondo waJustinian, akachengetedza guta. Chechi yeRoma yakazobva yatonga nesimba rose kwemakore ane chiuru nemazana maviri nemakumi matanhatu, kusvikira Napoleon abvisa papa ndokumuisa muutapwa muna 1798.
Rome, “the sanctuary of strength” was “polluted,” (polluted, meaning ‘wounded or dissolved’), through the “arms” from the ongoing warfare against the city, represented primarily by the first four trumpets of Revelation chapter eight.
Roma, “nzvimbo tsvene yesimba,” yakanga “yasvibiswa,” (yasvibiswa, zvichireva kuti ‘yakuvadzwa kana kuparadzwa’), kubudikidza ne“maoko” ehondo yakanga ichienderera mberi ichirwa neguta iro, inomiririrwa zvikurukuru nemabhosvo mana okutanga eZvakazarurwa chitsauko 8.
The history that ensued from 496 onward would see the city of Rome polluted as it changed from the power and glory of the Roman empire unto the power and glory of the Roman Catholic empire. Those arms would take away the religion of paganism, represented by the word “daily” in the passage, as they accepted the religion of Nicene Catholicism.
Kwayambira mu 496 kwenda m’tsogolo, mbiri idzaonetsa mzinda wa Roma ukuipitsidwa pamene unasanduka kuchoka ku mphamvu ndi ulemerero wa ufumu wa Aroma kupita ku mphamvu ndi ulemerero wa ufumu wa Roma Katolika. Mikono imeneyo idzachotsa chipembedzo cha chikunja, choyimiridwa ndi mawu akuti “daily” m’ndimeyo, pamene inalandira chipembedzo cha Nikeya Katolika.
At the battle of Vouillé, Clovis defeated the Arian Visigoths under Alaric II and took Aquitaine. In the aftermath of the victory, in 508, the Eastern emperor Anastasius I (in Constantinople) honored Clovis for his victory over the Visigoths. Gregory of Tours says that Anastasius sent Clovis' official papers making him consul. At Tours, in Saint Martin’s church, Clovis put on a purple tunic and cloak, set a diadem on his head, rode out, and scattered gold and silver to the crowd. Gregory says that from that day he was hailed as consul and recognized by the Roman emperor that Clovis was a legitimate Christian king in the west. He was rewarded for breaking the Arian Visigoths, whom Constantinople also opposed. 508 is the year the emperor in the East publicly honored the Catholic Frankish king—church, victory, and Roman legitimacy in one scene. 508 is the year the Frankish Catholic kingdom stood as the dominant Catholic power in Gaul after breaking Arian Visigoth’s rule. Clovis is the first major barbarian king to fight for Nicene Catholicism against Arian kingdoms, and thus the prototype of the French role as “eldest daughter of the Church.” Clovis represents the period of 496 unto 508 and is the alpha symbol of the symbolic marriage treaty. The thirty years from 508 unto 538 are represented by Justinian who is the omega symbol of the procession.
Pa nndwa ya Vouillé, Clovis akakunda ma-Arian Visigoth pasi pa Alaric II ndipo akatora Aquitaine. Pashure pechikundi ichi, muna 508, mambo weKumabvazuva Anastasius I (muConstantinople) akaremekedza Clovis nokuda kwokukunda kwake maVisigoth. Gregory weTours anoti Anastasius akatumira magwaro epamutemo aClovis achimugadza kuva consul. KuTours, muchechi yaSaint Martin, Clovis akapfeka nguo yepepuru nejasi, akaisa korona yediademu pamusoro wake, akatasva akabuda, ndokugovera goridhe nesirivha kuvanhu vazhinji. Gregory anoti kubvira pazuva iroro akarumbidzwa sa consul uye mambo weRoma akaziva kuti Clovis akanga ari mambo wechiKristu ane chiremera zviri pamutemo kumadokero. Akapiwa mubayiro nokuda kwokuputsa ma-Arian Visigoth, avo vaipikiswawo neConstantinople. 508 ndiro gore rakaremekedzwa pachena mambo wechiFrank weKatorike namambo weKumabvazuva—chechi, kukunda, uye kuvimbiswa kwepamutemo kweRoma zviri muchiitiko chimwe chete. 508 ndiro gore umambo hwechiFrank hweKatorike hwakamira sesimba guru reKatorike muGaul pashure pokuputsa ushe hwema-Arian Visigoth. Clovis ndiye mambo mukuru wokutanga wevatorwa akarwira Katorike yeNicaea achipikisa humambo hweArian, uye nokudaro ndiye muenzaniso wokutanga webasa reFrance sa “mwanasikana mukuru weChechi.” Clovis anomirira nguva ya496 kusvikira 508 uye ndiye chiratidzo chealpha chechibvumirano chomuchato chokufananidzira. Makore makumi matatu kubva 508 kusvikira 538 anomiririrwa naJustinian, uyo ari chiratidzo cheomega chemafambiro acho.
In 538, the “arms” placed the papal power on the throne of the earth for 1260 years. It was then that the symbolic treaty marriage was consummated at the conclusion of the marriage procession that had begun in 496. In 1798, the treaty marriage that had begun between the pope of Rome and Clovis of France, was disannulled when Napoleon of France divorced the papal power by having his general take the pope captive.
Muna 538, “maoko” akaisa simba repapa pachigaro chenyika kwemakore 1260. Ndipo pakazozadzikiswa muchato wechibvumirano wokufananidzira pakupera kwemudungwe wemuchato wakanga watanga muna 496. Muna 1798, muchato wechibvumirano wakanga watanga pakati papapa weRoma naClovis weFrance wakabviswa pachena apo Napoleon weFrance akaramba simba repapa nokuita kuti mukuru wehondo yake atape papa.
The alpha symbolic papal treaty marriage, which had begun its marriage procession in 496, was consummated at the Sunday law in 538, and it was thereafter disannulled in 1798, just as was every other treaty marriage of Daniel eleven. Revelation adds to the papal marital relationship between the kings of Europe and popes of Catholicism, for the dragon of Revelation twelve is both Satan and pagan Rome’s kings.
Muchato wechibvumirano chepapa une chiratidzo chealpha, wakanga watanga rwendo rwawo rwemuchato muna 496, wakazadziswa pamutemo weSvondo muna 538, uye shure kwaizvozvo wakazobviswa muna 1798, sezvakangoitwawo mimwe yose michato yezvibvumirano iri muna Danieri gumi nerimwe. Zvakazarurwa zvinowedzera pahukama hwemuchato hwepapa pakati pamadzimambo eEurope nemapapa eKaturike, nokuti shato yaZvakazarurwa gumi nembiri ndiSatani pamwe chete nemadzimambo eRoma yechihedheni.
“Thus while the dragon, primarily, represents Satan, it is, in a secondary sense, a symbol of pagan Rome.” The Great Controversy, 439.
“Ngaloo, ingon nga ang dragon, sa panguna, nagrepresentar kang Satanas, kini usab, sa ikaduhang kahulogan, usa ka simbolo sa pagano nga Roma.” The Great Controversy, 439.
In Revelation John informs us of three things the kings (the dragon) gave to the sea beast of Catholicism.
Mu Chivumbulutso Yohane watidziwisa zinthu zitatu zimene mafumu (chinjoka) anapatsa chilombo cha m’nyanja cha Chikatolika.
And the beast which I saw was like unto a leopard, and his feet were as the feet of a bear, and his mouth as the mouth of a lion: and the dragon gave him his power, and his seat, and great authority. Revelation 13:2.
Uye chikara chandakaona chakanga chakafanana nembada, uye tsoka dzacho dzakanga dzakaita setsoka dzebhere, uye muromo wacho wakanga wakaita somuromo weshumba; uye dhiragoni yakachipa simba rayo, nechigaro chayo, nesimba guru. Zvakazarurwa 13:2.
In 496, the kings of Europe began providing the papal beast their “power” as represented by their military might and economic support. They had moved the capital of their empire to Constantinople in 330, leaving the city of Rome as the “seat” of the papal authority. The “arms” thereafter identified the papal church as the head of all churches in 533 with the decree of Justinian. The decree included the use of their military might to persecute those who the papacy identified as heretics, thus placing their civil “authority” into the hands of the popes.
Muna 496, madzimambo eEurope akatanga kupa chikara cheupapa “simba” racho, sezvinomiririrwa nesimba ravo rehondo nerutsigiro rwavo rwezvehupfumi. Vakanga vatamisa guta guru rehumambo hwavo kuenda kuConstantinople muna 330, vachisiya guta reRoma rava “chigaro” chesimba reupapa. “Maoko” akazobva azivisa kereke yeupapa semusoro wemakereke ose muna 533 nechirevo chaJustinian. Chirevo ichocho chaisanganisirawo kushandiswa kwesimba ravo rehondo kutambudza avo upapa hwainyora sevanyengeri, nokudaro vachiisa “masimba” avo ehurumende mumaoko emapapa.
The alpha treaty marriage between the papacy and the kings of Europe began with Clovis in 496. By 508, paganism, the legal religion of the realm was set aside for the religion of Nicene Catholicism. In 533, Justinian identified the papacy as the head of all churches, and surrendered the legal authority of their respective thrones unto the papal power.
Umshado womfelandawonye wokuqala phakathi kobupapa namakhosi aseYurophu waqala ngoClovis ngowe-496. Ngowe-508, ubuqaba, obabuyinkolo esemthethweni yombuso, babekelwa eceleni ngenxa yenkolo yobuKatolika baseNicaea. Ngowe-533, uJustinian wamemezela ubupapa njengenhloko yawo wonke amabandla, wanikela negunya elisemthethweni lezihlalo zabo zobukhosi ngamunye ngamunye emandleni obupapa.
The Alpha and Omega Seat
អាសនៈអាល់ហ្វា និងអូមេហ្គា
In 330, the city of Rome was left in the hands of the Roman church where she would be seated until she is destroyed in the lake of fire at Christ’s second coming. In 538, she was officially seated again upon the papal throne, thus identifying the history of 330 unto 538 as a prophetic period that begins with an alpha seat and ends with an omega seat. The period represents the ending of the fourth kingdom of Bible prophecy (Pergamos) as a progressive demise beginning in 330 and ending in 538 with the arrival of Thyatira. Both western and eastern Rome continued the slow dissolution beyond 538, but the period began with giving the seat, representing the city of Rome to the papacy in 330, until the seat became not simply a throne over the city, but over the kingdom represented by the city in 538.
Muna 330, guta reRoma rakasiyiwa mumaoko echechi yeRoma, umo maaizogara kusvikira aparadzwa mudziva remoto pakuuya kwechipiri kwaKristu. Muna 538, akagariswazve zviri pamutemo pachigaro cheupapa, nokudaro zvichiratidza nhoroondo kubva muna 330 kusvika muna 538 senguva yechiprofita inotanga nechigaro chealpha uye inoguma nechigaro cheomega. Nguva iyi inomiririra kuguma kwehumambo hwechina hwechiprofita cheBhaibheri (Pergamo) sokuparara kunofambira mberi kunotanga muna 330 uye kunopera muna 538 nokusvika kweTiatira. Roma yokumadokero neRoma yokumabvazuva zvose zvakaramba zvichienderera mukuparara zvishoma nezvishoma kupfuura 538, asi nguva iyi yakatanga nokupiwa kwechigaro, kuchimiririra guta reRoma richipiwa upapa muna 330, kusvikira chigaro chacho chava chisiri choushe pamusoro peguta chete, asi pamusoro pehumambo hunomiririrwa neguta iroro muna 538.
330 to 538 is a specific prophetic period that defines the ‘eight’ waymarks of the papacy’s empowerment. Those eight steps are repeated in the healing of the papacy’s deadly wound at the soon-coming Sunday law.
330 kusvika 538 inguva yakatarwa yechiporofita inotsanangura zviratidzo zvisere zvekusimbiswa kwesimba repasipasi. Matanho iwayo masere anodzokororwa mukuporeswa kweronda rinouraya repasipasi panguva yemutemo weSvondo uri kuda kuuya.
The first of the eight steps was the giving of the city of Rome to the papal power, and the eighth step was the giving of the city as the throne of the fifth kingdom of Bible prophecy. This identifies 538 as the seat, and as ‘the eighth step, that is of the previous seven steps.’ The first step was the giving of the seat and the eighth step was the giving of the seat; thus, the first step in 330 is the alpha and 538 is the omega. Two seats, three horns removed, the daily taken away, Clovis’ conversion and Justinian’s decree equal eight total steps that identify the marriage procession, and ultimately the marriage.
Chekutanga pamatanho masere kwaiva kupihwa kweguta reRoma kusimba repapa, uye danho rechisere kwaiva kupihwa kweguta iroro sechigaro cheumambo hwechishanu hwechiprofita cheBhaibheri. Izvi zvinoratidza 538 sechigaro, uye se“danho rechisere, iro riri rematanho manomwe akapfuura.” Danho rokutanga raiva kupihwa kwechigaro uye danho rechisere raiva kupihwa kwechigaro; saka, danho rokutanga muna 330 ndiro arifa uye 538 ndiro omega. Zvigaro zviviri, nyanga nhatu dzakabviswa, chezuva nezuva chakabviswa, kutendeuka kwaClovis uye chirevo chaJustinian zvinoumba matanho masere akazara anoratidza mafambiro emuchato, uye pakupedzisira muchato wacho pachawo.
In 1798, France, the power who had represented the ten European kings, who placed the papacy on the throne in 538, removed the papacy from that very throne. The alpha treaty marriage represented in the history of 538 unto 1798 typifies the omega treaty marriage of the papal power with the ten kings of Revelation seventeen. The marriage procession from 496 unto 538 typifies eight steps that align with the last eight presidents of the United States. Clovis and France are symbols of the ten European kings. They represent the United States who will become the premier king of Revelation seventeen’s ten kings at the soon-coming Sunday law.
Muna 1798, France, simba rakanga ramiririra madzimambo gumi eEurope, iro rakaisa upapa pachigaro muna 538, rakabvisa upapa pachigaro ichocho. Muchato wesungano wealpha unomiririrwa munhoroondo ya538 kusvika 1798 unofananidzira muchato wesungano weomega wesimba reupapa pamwe chete nemadzimambo gumi eZvakazarurwa 17. Rwendo rwemuchato kubva muna 496 kusvika muna 538 runofananidzira nhanho sere dzinoenderana nevatungamiri vasere vokupedzisira veUnited States. Clovis neFrance zviratidzo zvemadzimambo gumi eEurope. Zvinomiririra United States iyo ichava mambo mukuru-mukuru wamadzimambo gumi eZvakazarurwa 17 pamutemo weSvondo uri kuuya nokukurumidza.
The five previous treaty marriages of Daniel eleven align with the sixth and final treaty marriage of the latter days. The alpha and omega treaty marriages of north and south identify the bride from the south as the alpha and the omega is a bride from the north. In the treaty marriages of pagan Rome, the alpha bride from the east was given to the west, and the omega of 313 was a bride from the west. Those four marriages are prophetically linked together by Cleopatra the first and Cleopatra the last. The symbolic treaty marriage of papal Rome represented the groom as the premier king of a prophetic confederacy of ten kings joining with their bride—the scarlet woman of Rome. The divorce was carried out by the premier king of the ten kings in 1798.
Muchato mishanu yapfuura yechibvumirano iri muna Danieri gumi neimwe inoenderana nemuchato wechitanhatu nowokupedzisira wechibvumirano wemazuva okupedzisira. Michato yechibvumirano yeArfa neOmega yokumusoro neyokumaodzanyemba inoratidza mwenga anobva kumaodzanyemba seArfa, uye Omega mwenga anobva kuchamhembe. Mumichato yechibvumirano yeRoma yechihedheni, mwenga weArfa aibva kumabvazuva akapiwa kumadokero, uye omega ya313 yakanga iri mwenga aibva kumadokero. Michato mina iyoyo yakabatanidzwa pamwe chete nenzira youporofita naKleopatra wokutanga naKleopatra wokupedzisira. Muchato wechibvumirano wokufananidzira weRoma yapapa wakamirira chikomba samambo mukuru wekubatana kwouporofita kwamadzimambo gumi achibatana nomwenga wavo—mukadzi mutsvuku weRoma. Kurambana kwakaitwa namambo mukuru wamadzi mambo gumi muna 1798.
The treaty marriage of 313 represents the final treaty marriage of the papal power with the United States—the premier king of Revelation seventeen’s ten kings; a two horned power that is typified by the two horned power of France. The history that began with Clovis in 496 and ultimately led to the decree of Justinian in 533 and the enthronement of the papacy in 538, represents the history of 1989 unto the Sunday law.
Isivumelwano somtshato sango-313 simele isivumelwano somtshato sokugqibela samandla opopu ne-United States—ukumkani ophambili phakathi kookumkani abalishumi beSityhilelo seshumi elinesixhenxe; igunya elineempondo ezimbini elifanekiselwa ligunya elineempondo ezimbini laseFransi. Imbali eyaqala ngoClovis ngo-496 yaza ekugqibeleni yakhokelela kummiselo kaJustinian ngo-533 nasekubekweni kukapopu etroneni ngo-538, imele imbali ka-1989 kuse kulo mthetho weCawa.
We will continue these things in the next article.
Tudzaenderera mberi nezvinhu izvi munyaya inotevera.